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HIEU Chapter 8_ The Early Middle Ages (1)
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HIEU Chapter 8_ The Early Middle Ages (1)
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HIEUChapter
8:
The
Early
Middle
Ages
Dark
Ages
-
ANS-The
time
period
of
300-700
in
Western
Europe
-
referred
to
as
Late
Antiquity
by
scholars.
For
much
of
this
time,
w.Europe
was
a
dark
place
filled
with
poverty,
famine
and
disease,
nearly
constant
warfare,
almost
universal
illiteracy,
and
a
material
standard
of
living
that
is
horrifying
to
consider.
Many
of
the
institutional
practices
and
cultural
value
of
antiquity
were
still
alive,
if
in
beleaguered
and
benighted
form.
For
the
Greek-speaking
lands
of
the
eastern
Mediterranean,
this
was
a
heroic
age
when
the
achievements
of
the
ancient
world
were
fortified
by
the
rapid
development
of
Christianity.
The
Byzantine
Empire
achieved
a
level
of
wealth,
power
and
cultural
glory
that
were
never
seen
again
in
the
Greater
West.
Middle
Ages
-
ANS-Denotes
the
thousand-year
period
between
the
founding
of
the
Byzantine
capital
city
of
Constantinople
(ca.
330)
and
the
start
of
the
Italian
Renaissance
around
1350.
Many
historians
object
to
the
use
of
"Dark
Ages"
for
the
early
medieval
centuries
on
the
basis
that
the
name
is
demeaning.
Diocletian
-
ANS-A
short
period
of
relief
appeared
with
the
long
reign
of
a
stern,
no
nonsense
emperor
named
Diocletian
(ruled
from
284-305).
He
came
from
a
long
line
of
peasant
farmers
in
the
Roman
province
of
Dalmatia,
had
received
only
an
elementary
education
but
was
raised
with
a
deep
belief
in
the
rightness
of
the
empire,
and
had
sought
a
career
in
the
army.
A
talented
soldier,
he
rose
quickly
through
the
rans
and
was
popular
with
the
soldiers
he
commanded.
When
Carus
and
Numerianus
died
(predecessors)
died,
the
army
overwhelmingly
threw
its
support
behind
him.
He
faced
enormous
problems:
a
wrecked
economy,
a
restive
army,
Germanic
and
Persian
invasions,
and
a
bloated,
inefficient
administration.
His
solutions:
withdrew
Rome's
currency
from
circulation
and
returned
the
empire
to
a
barter
economy,
taxes
were
collected
in
kind
and
imperial
soldiers
were
paid
in
the
same.
He
reformed
the
imperial
army
into
separate
civil
and
military
divisions
-
one
force
of
"border
troops".
***Seperated
the
administrations
into
four
units
-
instituting
a
tetrarchy.
Tetrarchy
-
ANS-("rule
of
four").
One
of
Diocletian
solutions
to
the
mess
of
the
Roman
Empire.
This
was
a
new
system
whereby
the
empire
was
formally
divided
into
two
halves,
east
and
west,
with
a
separate
emperor
for
each.
He
appointed
a
fellow
officer,
Maximian,
as
augustus
(emperor)
of
the
western
half
of
the
empire,
retaining
the
wealthier
eastern
half
for
himself.
Each
Augustus
was
assisted
by
a
caesar,
or
junior
emperor,
who
succeeded
to
the
position
of
his
Augustus
on
that
person's
death
or
retirement
and
who
then
appointed
a
new
caesar
to
assist
him.
At
a
stroke,
Diocletian
eased
the
bureaucratic
burden
on
the
central
administration
and
provided
a
regular
means
for
the
selection
of
new
August.
Great
Persecution
-
ANS-The
longest
and
most
vicious
of
the
state
attacks
on
Christians
-
instituted
in
303
by
Diocletian.
As
described
by
Eusebius
of
Caesarea,
the
beating,
flaying,
decapitation,
drowning,
burning,
rape,
and
mauling
by
animals
of
thousands
of
Christian
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