HIEU 2041_ Terms -4 (1)

HIEU
2041:
Terms
#4
novus
homo
-
ANS--"new
man,"
name
for
a
man
who
was
the
first
in
his
family
to
be
elected
consul
or
serve
in
the
Senate
-ex.
Cicero
(consul
in
63
BC)
-shows
a
change
in
Roman
attitudes
about
who
can
serve
in
the
highest
office
in
the
land
(i.e.
allow
plebeians
to
serve
as
consul)
as
well
as
the
paths
that
men
could
take
to
reach
this
status
(no
longer
strictly
about
military
service)
-->
big
change
in
Roman
culture
latifundia
-
ANS--great
landed
estates
made
by
wealthy
Romans,
primarily
through
the
acquisition
of
public
land
or
the
eviction
of
smaller
landowners,
and
aided
by
the
abundant
supply
of
cheap
slave
labor
-led
to
a
large
increase
in
landless
men,
and
was
an
important
contributing
factor
to
the
Agrarian
Problem,
which
would
cause
much
civil
strife
throughout
the
2nd
century,
and
would
prompt
many
popularis
to
try
to
remedy
the
problem,
such
as
Tiberius
Gracchus
with
his
land
law
in
133
BC
Quintus
Ennius
-
ANS--lived
until
169
BC
-"father
of
Latin
literature"
-epic
poem
"Annals"
-
recounted
the
history
of
Rome
-also
a
satirist,
poet
comic
and
playwright
-important
because
shows
how
increasing
Hellenization
created
a
taste
and
demand
for
literary
works,
which
led
to
development
of
many
writers
and
poets;
also
marked
a
change
in
education
system
P.
Terentius
Afer
(=Terence)
-
ANS--lived
until
159
BC
-playwright
of
distinction;
appealed
to
a
selected
and
cultivated
audience
-important
because
shows
how
increasing
Hellenization
created
a
taste
and
demand
for
literary
works,
which
led
to
development
of
many
writers
and
poets;
also
marked
a
change
in
education
system
T.
Maccius
Plautus
-
ANS--lived
until
184
BC
-comedic
playwright
-important
because
shows
how
increasing
Hellenization
created
a
taste
and
demand
for
literary
works,
which
led
to
development
of
many
writers
and
poets;
also
marked
a
change
in
education
system
Appius
Claudius
Pulcher
-
ANS--allied
with
Tiberius
Gracchus;
backed
his
land
reform
bill
in
133
BC
-commissioner
for
the
division
of
public
lands;
died
shortly
after
Tiberius'
assassination -showed
how
politicians
were
finally
trying
to
respond
to
the
issues
of
the
Agrarian
Problem,
but
also
the
magnitude
of
the
opposition
they
faced
-
this
reluctance
to
solve
Rome's
problems
would
lead
to
increasing
civil
strife
M.
Octavius
-
ANS--fellow
tribune
of
Tiberius
Gracchus,
convinced
by
Senate
to
veto
the
land
reform
bill
of
133
BC;
deposed
by
Gracchus
-showed
how
popularis
were
trying
to
respond
to
problems
of
the
Agrarian
Problem
but
were
opposed
by
the
powerful
forces
in
society,
like
Senators
-also
showed
a
vexing
new
problem
to
face
Rome:
using
unconstitutional
means
(ie.
getting
rid
of
a
tribune)
to
get
what
you
want-->
becomes
a
trend
senatus
consultum
ultimum
-
ANS--"decree
of
last
resort"
granted
by
Senate
which
authorizes
consuls
to
take
all
measures
to
safeguard
the
state
-initially
granted
by
Senate
to
sanction
murder
of
Gaius
Gracchus
by
Opimius
in
121
BC
-also
granted
to
Cicero
to
use
against
Catiline,
and
for
later
use
against
Caesar
-important
because
was
a
way
for
Senate
to
safeguard
the
state
against
what
they
perceived
to
be
threats,
and
an
example
of
rise
of
new/novel
ways
to
deal
with
the
various
threats
and
problems
facing
the
Republic
L.
Appuleius
Saturninus
-
ANS--popularis
tribune
and
political
ally
of
Gaius
Marius
-sympathetic
to
popul;ar
measures
(i.e.
lower
grain
prices,
land
for
veterans)
but
angers
senate,
who
obstruct
him
through
rioting
and
violence,
assassinate
in
100
BC
-Saturninus's
policies
as
tribune
and
the
vehement
senatorial
response
to
them
marked
a
further
step
in
the
spiraling
violence
that
was
to
lead
to
the
fall
of
the
Roman
Republic.
M.
Livius
Drusus
-
ANS--tribune:
91
BC
-aimed
to
strengthen
senatorial
rule
by
admitting
equestrians
into
senate
(doubling
size
of
body)
for
jury
reform
-his
assassination
sparked
Social
War
because
he
was
going
to
grant
citizenship
to
Italian
allies
(important
revolt)
-further
step
in
spiraling
violence
that
led
to
fall
of
Roman
Republic
Social
War
(=Italic
or
Marsic
War;
91-88
BC)
-
ANS--revolt
of
long-time
Italian
allies,
triggered
by
death
of
Drusus
in
91
BC,
because
people
wanted
citizenship
-Rome
won
but
granted
concessions
to
allies
-virtually
all
Italians
now
Roman
citizens
-->
pacification,
uniform
culture
and
language
-example
of
upheaval
facing
Rome
throughout
its
territory
near
end
of
Republic
B.
of
Arausio
(105
BC)
-
ANS--significant
Roman
loss
to
the
Cimbri
and
Teutoni
(German
barbarians
migrating
into
Gaul)
-after
this
loss,
Marius
appointed
as
consul
to
lead
war
-->
successful,
becomes
known
as
the
princeps
-appointed
consul
for
4
years
-->
shows
how
Romans
started
to
use
extraordinary
commands
to
in
order
to
face
their
external
threats