Bio 322 Pathophysiology -GCU -Questions with Cor rect Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update Polycythemia - ✔✔Excess RBC in circulation Blood is more viscous, lead to decrease in flow of blood that can deprive organs of oxygen Anemia - ✔✔Decreased RBC in circulation Causes: Impaired erythrocyte producti on, blood loss, increased erythrocyte destruction Signs & Symptoms: Fatigue, Weakness, Dizziness, Pallor (pale) skin and MM, smooth tongue (beefy red tongue due to Vitamin B12 deficiency) Microcytic anemia - ✔✔Small erythrocytes Lack of maturation time or low levels of iron Macrocytic anemia (megaloblastic anemia) - ✔✔Cells are larger than normal Lack certain nutrients necessary for successful DNA replication Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) - ✔✔27-34 pg Determined by dividing total mass of hemoglobin by number of red blood cells MCHM (concentration) determines hemoglobin concentration Hypochromic: lower amount of hemoglobin appear washed out and pale Normochromic: normal cell color Normochromic anemia: decrease in the number of cells through blood l oss or premature destruction of erythrocytes Hyperchromic Macrocytic Anemia - ✔✔Lack of Vitamin B12 and folic acid (a B vitamin necessary for cell maturation and DNA repair) Thalassema - ✔✔Group of genetic disorders that affect hemoglobin Risk factors for anemia - ✔✔Nutritional deficits (iron and Vitamin B), intestinal disorders preventing the ability to absorb nutrients, chronic health problems, pregnant, gastrointestinal bleeding, genetic risks (sickle cell disease) Signs and Symptoms of Anemia - ✔✔Increase in heart rate and cardiac output Shunting of blood flow to vital organs such as heart and brain Pulmonary function increase through increased respiratory rate Pallor of the skin and mucous membrane Cyanosis is not present Headache, dizziness, light -headedness, fatigue Tachycardia and ejection murmur iron deficiency anemia - ✔✔Reduction in dietary iron or loss of iron Malabsorption of iron through GI tract or reduced dietary intake Occurs through hemorrhage, menstrual blood loss in females, and gastrointestinal bleeding in male and female Gradual reduction in hematocrit and hemoglobin Cells become microcytic and hypochromic Microcytic hypochromic anemia (decrease MCV or mean corpuscular volume, decrease MCH or mean corpuscular hem oglobin, decrease MCHC) Decreased mean corpuscular volume - microcytic Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration - hypochromic Fatigue, tachycardia, palpitations, tachypnea, pallor, koilonychia, angular cheilitis, tongue is pale smooth and shiny , pica disease CBC shows decrease in red blood cells, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC Cobalamin deficiency (Vitamin B12) - ✔✔Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin necessary for cell metabolism Obtained through dietary sources (food derived from animal sources) Synthesis of DNA is disrupted with Vitamin B12 Macrocytic condition with misshapen erythrocytes Macrocytic, Normochromic - increase MCV, increase MCH, normal MCHC Anemia, smooth and beefy red tongue, CNS symptoms Altered mental state: mania, psychosis, irritability, depression, personality changes Folic acid deficiency - ✔✔Obtained through fruits and leafy greens necessary in synthesis and repair of DNA Macrocytic anemia can result Synthesis of red blood cells Folate sources: beans, lentils Megaloblastic anemia NO neurologic changes NO beefy red tongue Spina bifida in infants Low RBC, Hgb and Hct High in MCV, MCH Sickle Cell Disease - ✔✔Autosomal recessive disorder that results in misshapen form of hemoglobin Inherit from both parents Found on chromosome 11 Cells more prone to grouping and can result in hypoxia Vasoocclusive phenomenon Life span of cells is 10 days to 20 days Cells can group together in lung or brain and lead to pulmonary obstruction and stroke Causes tissue ischemia and then pain in back, chest, and extremities, jaundice Swelling, tenderness, rapid respiratory rate and hypertension CBC shows low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, low MCV, high MCHC - microcytic hyperchromic anemia Howell -Jolly bodies Anemia of Acute Blood Loss - ✔✔Low RBC, Hg, Hct, Normal MCV and normal MCHC (Normocytic, Normochromic) Anemia of Chronic Blood Loss (Iron Deficiency Anemia) - ✔✔Low RBC, Hg, Hct, MCV, MCHC (Microcytic hypochromic) B9 Deficiency Anemia (Folic Acid) - ✔✔Low RBC< Hg, Hct High MCV (Macrocytic normochromic) Normal MCHC B12 Deficiency Anemia - ✔✔Low RBC, Hg, Hct High MCV (macrocytic normochromic) Normal MCHC Platelet Plug - ✔✔Platelet Activation (vWF) Platelet Aggreg ation (vWF) Platelet Degranulation Intrinsic Pathway of Clotting (Factor XII) - ✔✔Initiated by Factor XII coming into contact with exposed collagen Factor XII causes prolonged clotting Usually presents no symptoms and is benign PTT is high PT is also hi gh Autosomal recessive disorder Slow (Factors VIII hemophilia A + Factor IX hemophilia B) Tissue Factor (Extrinsic Pathway) - ✔✔Fast (Factor VII + Tissue Factor) Stimulates platelet aggregation
