asthma - inflammation disorder of the airway walls associated with varying amount of
airway obstruction. It is triggered by stimuli such as stress, allergens, and pollutants.
bronchial asthma - is a COPD characterized by periods of bronchospasm resulting in
wheezing and difficulty breathing.
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NSG 210 Exam #1 Review-Questions with Correct
Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update
asthma - ✔✔inflammation disorder of the airway walls associated with varying amount of
airway obstruction. It is triggered by stimuli such as stress, allergens, and pollutants.
bronchial asthma - ✔✔is a COPD characterized by periods of bronchospasm resulting in
wheezing and difficulty breathing.
bronchiectasis - ✔✔abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles secondary to frequent
infection and inflammation.
bronchodilators - ✔✔drugs used primarily to treat COPD, particularly Asthma. Some may
also be used to treat restrictive pulmonary diseases.
bronchospasm - ✔✔results when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors
that stimulate stimulate a bronchoconstrictive response.
chronic bronchitis - ✔✔a progressive lung disease caused by smoking or chronic lunch
infections. Bronchial inflammation and excessive mucous secretion result in airway
obstruction.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - ✔✔caused by airway obstruction with
increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues. Caused by 4 major pulmonary
disorders: chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and asthma.
emphysema - ✔✔a progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric
contaminants, or lack of the alpha1-antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes hat
destroy alveoli (air sacs) within the lungs.
glucocorticoids - ✔✔members of the corticosteroid family, are used to treat respiratory
disorders, particularly asthma. Have an anti-inflammatory action and are indicated if asthma
is unresponsive to bronchodilator therapy or if the client has an asthma attack while on max
doses of theophylline or an andrenergic drug.
,mucolytics - ✔✔act like detergents to liquefy and loosen thick mucous secretions so they
can be expectorated.
restrictive lung disease - ✔✔is a decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid
accumulation or loss of elasticity of the lung. Types and causes of restrictive lung disease:
Pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis, lung tumors, thoracic deformities
(scoliosis), and disorders affecting the thoracic muscular wall (myasthenia gravis).
Acute pharyngitis - ✔✔inflammation of the throat; can be caused by a virus, beta-hemolytic
streptococci, or other bacteria. Can occur alongside a common cold, rhinitis, and acute
sinusitis.
acute rhinitis - ✔✔acute inflammation of the mucus membranes of the nose
allergic rhinitis - ✔✔often called hay fever, which is caused by pollen or a foreign substance.
antihistamines - ✔✔H1 blockers or H1 antagonists, compete with histamine for receptor
sites, preventing a histamine response.
antitussives - ✔✔act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough
reflex.
common cold - ✔✔most prevalent type of URI. Adults have 2-4 per year, children have 4 to
12. Caused by the rhinovirus and affects primarily the nasopharyngeal tract.
decongestants - ✔✔(sympathomimetic amines) that stimulate the alpha-adrenergic
receptors, producing vascular constriction (vasoconstriction) of the capillaries within the
nasal mucosa. The result is a shrinking of the nasal mucous membranes and reduction in
fluid secretion (runny nose)
expectorates - ✔✔loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing.
,rebound nasal congestion - ✔✔caused by frequent use of decongestants. (Rebound
vasodilation instead of vasoconstriction)
rhinorrhea - ✔✔watery nasal discharge, runny nose
sinusitis - ✔✔an inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more maxillary, frontal,
ethmoid, or sphenoid sinuses.
S/E of nasal decongestants and how they can be avoided - ✔✔may make client jittery,
nervous, restless. Use for more than 5 days may result in rebound nasal congestion. Blood
pressure and glucose may also increase.
acetylcholine (ACh) - ✔✔the neurotransmitter located at the ganglions and parasympathetic
terminal nerve endings.
anticholinergics - ✔✔drugs that interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses in the CNS and
autonomic nervous system. They also prevent acetylcholine from stimulating cholinergic
receptors.
anticholinesterase drug - ✔✔block the action of the enzyme acetylecholinesterase at
cholinergic receptor sites, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter).
cholinergic blocking agents - ✔✔one that blocks or inactivates acetylcholine.
cholinesterase (CHE) - ✔✔enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, a reaction necessary to allow a cholinergic neuron
to return to its resting state after activation.
direct-acting cholinergic agonists - ✔✔drugs that are primarily selective to the muscarinic
receptors
, indirect acting cholinergic agonists - ✔✔do not act on receptors, instead they inhibit or
inactivate the enzymes cholinesterase (ChE) permitting acetylcholine to accumulate at the
receptor sites.
miosis - ✔✔constriction of the pupils of the eyes
muscarinic receptors - ✔✔a cholinergic receptor that stimulate smooth muscle and slow
heart rate.
mydriasis - ✔✔dilation of the pupils
nicotinic receptors - ✔✔a cholinergic receptor that affects skeletal muscles.
parasympatholytics - ✔✔drugs that inhibit the actions of acetylcholine by occupying the
aceyltcholine receptors, aka anticholinergics
parasympathomimetics - ✔✔drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, aka
cholinergic agonists
Differentiate between direct acting and indirect acting cholinergic agonists - ✔✔Direct
acting cholinergic agonists act on the receptors to activate a tissue response.
Indirect acting cholinergic agonists inhibit the action of the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) by
forming a chemcial complex. which allows acetylcholine to to attach to the receptors.
Differentiate the uses of cholinergic agonists and anticholinergics - ✔✔Cholinergic agonists
STIMULATE the muscles of target organs.
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