Experimental Controls - Establishes a baseline to compare the results of the main
experiment to.
Example of experimental control - Placebos or distilled water
Positive Controls - Receive the treatment with a known response in order to compare it
to the unknown response of the treatment
Negative Control - DOES NOT receive any test or treatment. They are observed in their
natural state.
Independent variable on graph - Located on the x-axis; horizontal
Dependent variable on graph - Located on the y-axis; vertical
Formulating hypothesis - - research
- make assumptions
- write a hypothesis
- create an experiment
Designing experiments - - Recognize and state the problem
- Choice of factors, levels, and ranges
- Select response variables
- Choose your design
- Conduct experiment
- Create statistical analysis
- Draw conclusions and make recommendations
4 Phases of the Scientific Method - - Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analysis
- Report
Pillbug Hypothesis - If pillbugs are attracted to cornstarch, they will congregate in the
area with the cornstarch
Pillbug Controls & Variables - - 10 pillbugs and take measurements at regular intervals
- put cornstarch on one side and sand on the other
- Sand on both sides (negative control)
Pillbug (results) - Hypothesis was supported
, Units for volume - - Liter
- Milliliter
- Microliter
Units for Length - - Meter
- Millimeter
- Centimeter
- Micrometer
- Nanometer
Milli - 1/1,000
Centi - 1/100
Kilo - 1,000
How to correctly measure volumes of liquids in a graduated cylinder - Measure directly
from eye level with the liquid.
ALWAYS read the measurement from the bottom of the curve
What causes diffusion at a molecular level? - Thermal motion of all (liquid or gas)
particles at temperatures above absolute zero
Factors that influence the rate of diffusion - - Particle size
- Temperature
- Concentration Difference
- Diffusion distance
Semipermeable membrane - A type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that
will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through by diffusion
Concentration Gradient - Process of particles moving through a solution or gas from an
area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles.
Diffusion - Passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower
concentration
Active Transport - requires energy and enzymes to move particles across a cell
membrane into a region of higher concentration
Hypertonic - A solution with a GREATER concentration of solutes OUTSIDE of the cell
when compared to the inside of a cell
Hypotonic - A solution that has LESS concentration than another solution
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