crossing over - occurs a dihybrid produces four types of gametes instead of two. occurs
between distant genes.
macroevolution - evolution on a large scale. source of past and present biodiversity.
involves speciation
Microevolution - Change in gene frequency of population over time.
Phyletic gradualism - change is very slow but steady within the lineage before and after
a divergence.
Punctuated equilibrium - long periods of stasis or no visible change are followed by
rapid periods of speciation.
gene flow - the movement of alleles between populations
non-random mating - Individuals are selective about choosing a mate with a preferred
trait.
fitness - Number of fertile offspring produced by an individual that survive to reproduce.
Heterozygote advantage - Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals
compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
Biogeography - study the range and distribution of species throughout the world.
Contenintal Drift - the positions of continents and oceans has shifted through time.
mutations are - genetic changes that are the only source of new variation in a
populations. random.
Deletion - occurs when a single break causes a chromosome to lose an end piece.
bottleneck effect - occurs following a natural disaster that kills a large proportion of a
population.
the founder effect - occurs when a few individuals found a colony: their collective genes
represent only a fraction of the original gene pool .
Adaptation - any evolved trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment.
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