Major Depressive Disorder is the __________ cause of disability in the world. More than 300 million
people suffer from depression worldwide. -️️leading
Incidence -️️The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
Prevalence -️️the total number of cas...
NSG 322 Exam 1-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ Latest Update
2024/2025
Major Depressive Disorder is the __________ cause of disability in the world. More than 300 million
people suffer from depression worldwide. - ✔️✔️leading
Incidence - ✔️✔️The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
Prevalence - ✔️✔️the total number of cases in a healthy population at any given time
Depression - ✔️✔️Second most common chronic condition, second to hypertension. Leading cause
of disability in the world. Only half of those diagnosed, receive treatment
Depression Comorbidities - ✔️✔️anxiety in 70% of major depression
schizophrenia
eating disorders
schizoaffective disorder
borderline personality disorder
Primary Depression - ✔️✔️Unrelated to other health problems including psychiatric disorders
Secondary Depression - ✔️✔️Related to another medical or psychiatric issue
Why does anxiety often occur with depression? - ✔️✔️Both of these disorders involve the
neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. Antidepressants are the first line of treatment for
both
Genetics and Depression - ✔️✔️Incidence in families, specifically first degree family members.
Twins: if one is diagnosed, there is a 50% chance the other twin will develop depression
Genes: there are multiple genes involved that may be triggered with abuse or trauma
What neurotransmitters are affected in depression? - ✔️✔️serotonin and norepinephrine
,Serotonin (5 HT) - ✔️✔️Inhibitory neurotransmitter, found in the GI tract, platelets and the CNS.
Contributes to well being and happiness.
Derived from tryptophan
Norepinephrine - ✔️✔️excitatory neurotransmitter that helps with energy level and alertness. If we
have experienced too many stressful events this and serotonin could be depleted
Depletion of Serotoning and Norepinephrine - ✔️✔️Inability of the brain to cope with
circumstances such as loss, danger, or problems. Constant stress inhibits the ability to produce new
brain cells
Estrogen and Depression - ✔️✔️Estrogen may be a contributor to why women are twice as likely to
be diagnosed with depression than men. Affects the sensitivity of serotonin receptors in areas of the
brain that regulate mood
Inflammation and Depression - ✔️✔️C Reactive Protein and Interleukin 6 are shown in depression
despite no physical injury. Plays a role in depression. Anti-inflammatories may be used in
conjunction with antidepressants to increase their efficacy
Stress-Diathesis Model - ✔️✔️Says that while genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition
for psychiatric disorders or depression, stressors elicit the onset of the disease
Aaron Beck - ✔️✔️pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - ✔️✔️a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy
(changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
"reframing negative thoughts"
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - ✔️✔️a 30 item self-report assessment used to identify
depression in the elderly
Depression in Older Adults - ✔️✔️-More medical conditions that are associated with depression
(i.e., cardiac, Parkinson's, stroke, cancer)
-Medications with SE of depression
-Older white males age 85 + have the highest suicide rate in the U.S.
, -Psychotherapy and medications are effective treatments
- not a normal part of aging
Medication Therapy in Older Adults - ✔️✔️"start low and go slow"
usually start on half of the adult dose because of polypharmacy, slowing metabolism, and sensitivity
to side effects
Depression in Children and Teens - ✔️✔️- irritability or anger instead of sadness
-boredom
-changes in grades or attendance
- may act out with substance abuse or sexual acts
- infants can have depression
- under recognized
*SIGECAPS* of Depression - ✔️✔️Sleep: insomnia or hypersomnia
Interest: reduced interests
Guilt: and low self esteem
Energy: mental and physical fatigue
Concentration: distracted, memory disturbances
Appetite: increased or decreased
Psychomotor: agitation, restlessness, fatigued
Suicide: thoughts, plans, behaviors
Anergia - ✔️✔️lack of energy
Anhedonia - ✔️✔️inability to experience pleasure
Hypersomnia - ✔️✔️excessive daytime sleepiness
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) - ✔️✔️a depressive disorder in children
characterized by persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior
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