Chapter 9- The Heirs of Rome
Alcuin of York - ANS-Carolingian scholar that was in charge of the palace school
By the eighth century, what did the Arabs control? (4) - ANS-Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North
Africa
Byzantium impact on world history: (5) - ANS-• Prevented Muslim Arabs from advancing into
Europe
• Codified and preserved laws of ancient Rome
• Preserved Greek philosophy, science, math, and literature
• Byzantium stimulated Islamic, Latin Christian learning
• Influenced Romanian and Slavic literature and language
Charles Martel (general stuff) - ANS-Brought all Frankish lands under his rule
Feudalism - ANS-Improvised system to provide order and security
How did Byzantine rulers rule? - ANS-Absolute rulers (Justinian era)
How did feudal lords increase their military strength? - ANS-Through vassals who would in turn
receive a fief for his military service
How did feudal warriors demonstrate their worth? - ANS-Through combat (chivalry)
How did Pope Gregory organize the church? - ANS-Using Roman methods to organize the
papacy and administer papal property
How did the church regard women? - ANS-Regarded as agents of the devil
How is the father of the Latin church? - ANS-Pope Gregory I, the Great
How was Northern Europe christianized? - ANS-Through Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks and
nuns
Jihad - ANS-"struggle in the way of God"- spreading and defending Islam
Koran (Qur'an) - ANS-Contained revelations from God to Muhammad
Ottoman Empire (2) - ANS-Reached its hearing in the sixteenth century
Effective administrators in the future
, Treaty of Verdun - ANS-agreement which divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts
Was Islam accepted at first? What was the result? - ANS-Local elites in Mecca rejected the
prophet's message- left for Medina
What are essential to the Islamic faith? What are they? - ANS-Five Pillars of the Faith:
- there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet
- pray five times a day facing Mecca
- give alms to the poor
- fast during the month of Ramadan
- pilgrimage to Mecca
What became the most dominant institution? - ANS-Church- membership in a universal church
replaced citizenship in a universal empire
What caused the breakup of the Carolingian empire? - ANS-Empire's strength had rested on
Charlemagne's personal qualities
What declined in old western Roman lands by the end of the seventh century? (4) -
ANS-Government, urban life, commerce and learning
What did Bede do? What did he write? - ANS-Translated the gospel of John into Anglo-Saxon
Write the Ecclesiastical History of the English People
What did Boethius write? - ANS-Consolation of Philosophy- pondered life's meaning
What did Cassiodorus advocate for? - ANS-higher education to improve quality of
clergy, and justified study of secular literature as aid to understanding sacred writings
What did Charlemagne do? - ANS-Reestablished Roman Law and expanded the empire.
What did Charlemagne foster? - ANS-Education of the clergy and administrators
What did Emperor Leo III do? - ANS-Iconoclasm- ordered the destruction of Christian paintings
to discourage citizens from converting
What did feudalism and manorialism help to do? - ANS-Create a stable social order- individual
rights and duties depended on social rank
What did feudalism lay the groundwork for? - ANS-The principle of limiting royal power
and practice of parliamentary government
What did feudalism shape culturally? (3) - ANS-Western notions of honor, chivalry, and romantic
love
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