Chapter 5 : The Structure and function of
large biological molecules
·
biological
Many ge macromolecules are capable of forming polymers -
exampl ee
Macromolecules > Those that are
forming polymers
-
money
g
polymers
linear
· The
examples
nature of
:
Carbohydraes proteins
a
,
polymer (longer structure
,
nucleic acids
made up of
many repeating subunits) is
subunit)
dictated
by the nature of a monomer
(single .
· When we're
building up those polymers we do this through chemical
,
rxns
called dehydration rxns/dehydration Synthesis/condensation reactions
Tons of diversity OR break those
seen we can polymers down
through hydrolysis reactions-
·
·
,
whether it's linear
branching size
-
, ,
In order to build up so for
large biological molecule
a
·
,
the process of synthesizing polymer -> we
a would
utilize a
dehydration reaction.
↳ occurs when monomers or smaller
portions of subunits bond together
through the loss of a water
molecule
.
·
Results in a covalent bond in its
place.
trimer -
> monomerithe And when it comes to that covalent bond formation
-
·
we will do so at the removal of a
hydroxyl group
and a
Hydrogen atom
.
·
Hydrolysis reactions can be used to
generate monomers or So ,
every subunit joined together results in the formation
smaller components of of water molecule
a
polymer a
. .
·
Dehydration Synthesis and hydrolysis are not just relegated to .
In order to facilitate this process, we would want
polymers. Same events take place in
large biological molecules to utilize an example of a large biological molecule
that not adhere to the definition of
d a
polymer .
called an
enzyme.
&Moleculesthatareneededohelp a
another in order to ensure correct bonds
+ broken
, ·
By analyzing the cells of different species ,
researchers have learned that all forms of life have
fall
organic molecules and large biological molecules that
into several properties.
↳Chemical & biological properties .
Amount of molecules find
·
biological we within a
particular between cells
organism can
vary
molewles,
Think about what
large biological
E
·
this
-
may
have a particular biological moleate more than another
we see
polymers you see. variation all be found in much higher concentrations
may
-
aross species
·
How would you expect to take the large compared to another
biological molecules and break them down what would ,
· When it comes to polymers their
stability is variable between ,
it
yield ? one another , so some
may
be all about
being able to
maintain structural of while others
integrity something
may be built up with the sheer
Purpose of being broken
back down as a source of
again energy
.
·
Carbohydrates >
-
example of macromolecule
↳ include sugars ,
and the
polymers of sugars ,
and its
loosely defined as molecules that contain carbon ,
SimplestCarbohydrate simples
ratio of 1 :
as
Hydrogen , and
Oxygen in a 2: .
1
There's an abundance of carbon-hydrogen bonds that
are seen within carbohydrates
These C-I bonds make ideal for
C an use
-
monosaccharides to generate
·
Carbohydrates energy
and that be released oxidation
Polysacharides
storage energy can
during .
↓
· So ,
Carbohydrate macromolecules are
polysacharides. loss of elections
those of
So will be
your polymes composed many sugar
These classified their location of the building blocks.
sugars can be
by
·
=O
.
group
also be defined # of carbons
they can by
· or .
Most of discussion
our is on
glucose
· .
, J
· We have a
straight chain here but
offentimes when glucose is placed in an
aqueous environment,
?
L
observe a formation.
ring
we
go from linear to form important.
·
knowing we can
ring
is
When it comes to of
·
glucose it has a multitude energy-
to the position of the
Storing C-H bonds and when it comes
C =0 once it becomes structure , that does matter for us !
ring
,
a
↑ So , that allows for
glucose to exist in 2 different forms
o-glucose
alpha glucose wh the position of and It
being the key
-
off
group
·
Glucose in difference between If they switched
an
aqueous environment , how it responds or component to distinguish
·
.
is utilized within a cell which is an
ageous environment Positions, that would be the beta form
.
will exist in form
a
ring
·
.
alpha form if it it would be beta
Showing us was opposite .
·
,
Monosacharides for the
·
can serve as
building blocks
formation of longer structures like that of disacharides,
but also things like olygosacharides ,
which means that
14
the subunits pieced together are more than
I but less than
A
what we define as
many , or
poly and
,
this value can
release of water
fluctuate from book to book .
·
The result is going to allow for the
Release of water & formation of
7
, a
glycosidia linkage
This event will occur in the presence of an
enzyme
and that will allow for these components found within
For formation of sucrose we are
,
using two
different each respective glucose to dissociate .
monosaccharides so we have glucose & Fructose
·
But we still have a reaction in which the
hydroxyl groups are
going
to provide unequal amounts
Lo connects
one will provide a
hydroxyl the entire OH
group the bund that
covalent
other provides to another
Hydrogen) -T a sugar
water and the promotion of molecule
·
generation of
a
glycosidic linkage.
·
difference blu 1-y glycosidic linkage& 1-2 just has to do
with the position the components are found in each Sugar .
