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APSC 151 TEST | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 TEST | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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  • August 4, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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APSC 151 TEST | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

Life Cycle Engineering is - an approach to product design and manufacturing that takes into account the
entire product life cycle from beginning to end



4 Spheres of Earth - - Geosphere (includes lithosphere)

- Atmosphere

- Hydrosphere

- Biosphere



layers of the geosphere - Crust, Lithosphere, Upper mantle, Lower mantle, Outer core, Inner core



The hydrosphere - - all the water on and within earth

- 0.023% Earth's mass

- 71% Earth's surface

- Mostly formed in Hadeon Eon (just after crust solidified & Earth cooled enough, most water came from
either degassing of rocks coming to surface from molten interior or from comets)

- Mostly ocean water (97.2%)



The main driver of erosion is - water... groundwater gets heated (magma chamber) and moves through
picking up minerals and brings them to surface



Most of the Earth's fresh water is in the form of - Glaciers and groundwater



Water resources (other than surface water) are ____ - not renewable in time frames we talk ab and time
frames of human consumption



The ozone layer blocks - deadly UV rays and makes life possible on the surface of the Earth



Weather occurs in the - atmosphere

,Movement of the atmosphere is driven by - the sun's energy



Local turbulence is driven by - heat exchange with water and land



Rainforests, desert, tundra, temperate zones are consequences of - solar radiation and atmospheric
convection



Major climate control results from - interaction with the hydrosphere (ocean temps & currents)



The biosphere is mostly - plants, then bacteria



Humans are the first animals to - globally impact our planet



Earth's system is powered by - energy from the sun and heat from Earth's interior



The crust is ____ and constantly ____ - dynamic, changing



Lithification - The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.



The crust is ____ to ____ thick below oceans and ___ to ____ thick on the continents - The crust is 5 to
20 km thick below oceans and 30 to 70 km thick on the continents



The crust is composed mainly of - oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and
many other elements in small amounts



Sediment can be created from - - weathering, transport, deposition of igneous rock

- uplift, weathering, transport, deposition of sedimentary or metamorphic rock



Igneous or metamorphic rock can _____ to become magma - melt

,Metamorphism - alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by heat, pressure, or other natural
agency.



The rock cycle - Rocks in the CRUST constantly form, change, and re-form over long spans of time



The Basic Rock Cycle - - Molten magma becomes igneous rock

- Weathering and erosion create sediments

- Sediments lithify into sedimentary rock

- Burial and heat produce metamorphic rock

- Increase in heat melts rock into magma



Lithosphere - -below the crust

- more ductile solid and chemically different (oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron)

- 5-100 km thick under oceans

- 150-250 km thick under continents

- Moves on a melted boundary with the athenosphere or uppermantle



Upper Mantle (Asthenosphere) - - "Solid" layer is chemically similar to the lithosphere but is plastic
(readily deforms under stress) and viscous (moves over time)

- Average 400 km thick (bottom at an average depth of 660 km)



Lower Mantle (Mesosphere) - - Elementally similar to the upper mantle but the elements are not
combined into more complex minerals (as in the upper mantle)

- Less mobile (more like a ductile solid) than the upper mantle

- 2240 km thick



Outer core - - Liquid layer (inner is solid)

- Composed of iron & nickel

- 2270 km thick

, Earth forms - - 4.6-4.5 bya

- matter congeals enough to form the earth

- bombarded by rocks from space

- Moon forms from large collision



Eon - greatest expanse of time



Era - subdivision of an eon



Eons - Precambrian (before complex life)

- Includes Hadean, Archaen, Proterozoic Eons

Phanerozoic ("visible life")

- The most recent eon, began just over 540 mya



Eras of the phanerozoic eon - Cenozoic ("recent life")

Mesozoic ("middle life")

Paleozoic ("ancient life")



Eras are bounded by - profound world-wide life form changes



Periods - subdivisions of eras



Epochs - subdivisions of periods



The majority of the geological time scale is - The precambrian eon



Absolute Age Dating - Finding the ACTUAL age of something

- Radioactive decay (breakdown of an isotope)

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