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APSC 151 2024 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions
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APSC 151 2024 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025 Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

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  • August 4, 2024
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APSC 151 2024 final Exam | Questions & Answers (100 %Score) Latest Updated 2024/2025
Comprehensive Questions A+ Graded Answers | With Expert Solutions

Aa flow - A type of lava flow that has a jagged, blocky surface.



Ablation - A general term for the loss of ice and snow from a glacier.



Abrasion - The grinding and scraping of a rock surface by the friction and impact of rock particles carried
by water, wind, and ice



Abyssal plain - A very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise.



Accretionary wedge - A large wedge-shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones.
Sediment is scraped from the subducting oceanic plate and accreted to the overriding crustal block.



Active continental margin - Usually narrow and consisting of highly deformed sediments. Such margins
occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the margin of a continent.



Active layer - The zone above the permafrost that thaws in summer and refreezes in winter.



Aftershock - A smaller earthquake that follows the main earthquake.



Alluvial fan - A fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed where a stream's slope abruptly reduces.



Alluvium - The unconsolidated sediment deposited by a stream



alpine (valley) glacier - A glacier confined to a mountain valley, which in most instances was previously a
stream valley.



Anastomosed stream - A stream with deep, interwoven, multiple channels separated by stable islands
that are commonly heavily vegetated.

,Andesitic/Intermediate composition - A compositional group of igneous rocks, indicating that the rock
contains at least 25 percent dark silicate minerals. The other dominant mineral is plagioclase feldspar



Angle of repose - The steepest angle at which loose, dry material remains stationary without sliding
downslope.



Angular unconformity - An unconformity in which the older strata dip at an angle different from that of
the younger beds.



Anticline - A fold in sedimentary strata that most commonly resembles an arch.



Anthropocene Epoch - A new epoch, not formally accepted by geologists, during which our species has
become the dominant force for change in the biosphere. The Anthropocene marks the end of the
Holocene epoch. (Nuclear Age)



Aphanitic texture - A texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals
to be distinguished without magnification.



Aquifer - The rock or sediment through which groundwater moves easily.



Aquitard - An impermeable bed that hinders or prevents groundwater movement



Archean Eon - The second eon of Precambrian time. The eon following the Hadean and preceding the
Proterozoic. It extends between approximately 4.0 billion and 2.5 billion years ago. Constant volcanic
activity, no continents, atmosphere devoid of oxygen, acidic oceans. Cyano-bacteria precipitates CO2 to
form oxygen and calcite.



Arête - A narrow, knife-like ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys.



Artesian well - A well in which the water rises above the level where it was initially encountered.

,Assimilation - In igneous activity, the process of incorporating country rock into a magma body.



Asthenosphere - The mechanically weak, ductile subdivision of the mantle that underlies the
lithosphere.



Atmosphere - The gaseous portion of a planet; the planet's envelope of air. One of the traditional
subdivisions of Earth's physical environment.



Atoll - A coral island consisting of a nearly continuous ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon.



Aureole - A zone or halo of contact metamorphism found in the country rock surrounding an igneous
intrusion.



Back swamp - A poorly drained area on a floodplain that results when natural levees are present.



Banded iron formation - A chemical sedimentary rock consisting of alternating bands of iron oxide
minerals and chert. Restricted to the Precambrian and most widespread in Proterozoic rock sequences.



Bar - A common term for sand and gravel deposits in a stream channel.



Barchan dune - A solitary sand dune shaped like a crescent with its tips pointing downwind.



Barchanoid dunes - Dunes that form scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This
form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes.



Barrier island - A low, elongate ridge of sand that parallels the coast.



Basal slip - A mechanism of glacial movement in which the ice mass slides over the surface below.



Basaltic/Mafic composition - A compositional group of igneous rocks characterized by a substantial
proportion of dark, magnesium- and iron-rich silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar.

, Base level - The level below which a stream cannot erode.



Basin - A circular down-folded structure.



Batholith - A large mass of igneous rock (exceeding 100 km2 in areal extent) formed by the
emplacement and crystallization of magma at depth.



Baymouth bar - A sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the main body of water.



Beach drift - The transport of sediment in a zigzag pattern along a beach, caused by the uprush of water
from obliquely breaking waves.



Beach nourishment - The process in which large quantities of sand are added to the beach system to
offset losses caused by wave erosion. Building beaches seaward improves beach quality and storm
protection.



Bed/strata - Parallel layers of sedimentary rock.



Bed load - Sediment moved along the bottom of a stream by moving water, or particles moved along the
ground surface by wind.



Bedding plane - A nearly flat surface separating two beds of sedimentary rock. Each bedding plane
marks the end of one deposit and the beginning of another having different characteristics.



Belt of soil moisture - A zone in which water is held as a film on the surface of soil particles and can be
used by plants or withdrawn by evaporation. The uppermost subdivision of the zone of aeration.



Biochemical - A type of chemical sediment that forms when material dissolved in water is precipitated
by water-dwelling organisms. Shells are common examples

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