STUVIA 2024/2025
ANT 202 Final
2,000 years ago
Mesoamerica - ✔✔Turkey domestication
a greater intensity, variety and range of involvement of farmers in social and economic
processes and institutions on the farm, in the community and across regions. -
✔✔Economic intensification
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time -
✔✔Diffusion
broad spectrum foraging
formative - ✔✔Archaic
sedentism, large communities (originally assumed to be associated with agriculture,
but not always) - ✔✔Formative
%
A brief period of time marked by specific
artifact and/or feature types
(ex. architecture styles) - ✔✔Archaeological Phase
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a
collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were
based on gift giving and commercial links. - ✔✔Chiefdom
A prehistoric state was essentially a chiefdom but with multiple territories united by one
chief - ✔✔State
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-water control - ✔✔Chaco interaction sphere
long drought from 800-1350 AD
detected with Dendrochronology - ✔✔Medieval Climate Anomaly
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy - ✔✔Social
stratification
In a chiefdom, lesser chiefs reported to this higher authority - ✔✔Paramount chief
a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual
ex. aztec heart ritual - ✔✔Human sacrifice
urbanism - ✔✔Classic
Following a cultural peak of a classic civilization; marked by militarism. -
✔✔post-classic
%
Primary traits: urbanization, full time labor specialization, social stratification, surplus of
food, states;
Secondary traits: water control, writing, monumental architecture - ✔✔Civilization
Olmec had pictographs, possible writingTrue writing was the cuneiform at 4900 BP in
Egypt
also hieroglyphics: The Rosetta Stone - ✔✔Writing
-full time crafts people including metallurgists
-need for increased production of food (surplus)
-metal tipped plow invented, causing greater food productivity
-need for traders
-producers not self sufficient
-need accountants to keep track of surplus
-need leaders to allocate it. - ✔✔Urban Revolution Theory (Childe)
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the division of jobs and skills in a society
Primary trait of a civilization - ✔✔Labor specialization
early DRY farming communities.
11,000-9,000 BP - ✔✔the fertile crescent
1600-1000 BC
new burial procedures: bodies placed in rock-cut tombs.
Marked by King Tut, Nefertiti;
conquered by the Greeks. - ✔✔the new kingdom
4700 BP or 2700-2200 BC;
-highly stratified society with powerful central gov and many specialists.
-Djoser: the stepped pyramid
-the bent pyramid
-Khufu's great pyramid
%
-Sphinx
-polytheism - ✔✔the old kingdom
The Hopewell-affiliated groups wold share in long distance trade, exchange networks,
rituals, and ceremonies across Eastern North America. The ceremonies/rituals used
earthen mounds. - ✔✔Hopewell interaction sphere
city of the dead
cemetery where dead pharaohs were interred starting in the 4th dynasty (Khufu) -
✔✔Necropolis
A game that originated with the Omecs. Extremely popular with the Mayas, and people
would try to hit a rubber ball through a ring. - ✔✔the mesoamerican ball game
A state ruled by a king (or queen) who inherits their authority and whose power is at
least partially secular - ✔✔kingdom
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