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AP hug fall final
Overpopulation
having more people than a region can support
Boserup Theory
The more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed
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Neo-Malthusians
those who accept the fundamental premise of the Malthusian theory as correct
antinatalist policies
policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing
countries
pronatalist policies
programs designed to increase the fertility rate
Migration
the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
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push factors
negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave
pull factors
Positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to choose a destination
Migration Transition Model
argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid
population growth and overcrowding limiting the economic opportunities of people, thus they migrate
to less crowded stage 4 or 5 countries
intervening obstacle
barriers that make migrants reaching their desired destination more difficult
intervening oportunity
opportunities that migrants encounter en route that disrupt their original migration time
distance decay
the further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those places
gravity model of migration
The model that assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the
amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity.
step migration
a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Rural-to-urban migration
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rural areas needing fewer laborers and farms causing a movement to urban areas that have a bigger
demand for work
counter migration
each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
return migration
immigrants moving back to their former home
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the
distance they typically move, and their characteristics that form the basis of migration theory today
Forced Migration
involuntary migration when migrants have no choice but to move
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders
refugee
person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster that crosses international
borders
asylum
protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of
harm or death if he or she returns
Internal Migration
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the movement that occurs within a country
transnational migration
when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally
Chain Migration
The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family
members to an existing community
Guest Workers
transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally
family reunification
policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country
xenophobia
a strong dislike of people who practice another culture
Remittances
Money migrants send back to family and friends in country an immigrant left
Brain Drain
when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
ethnic enclave
neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
Transhumance
the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons
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guest-worker policies
regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries
for a defined amount of time
population distribution
the pattern of human settlement; the spread of people across the earth
population density
a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area
social stratification
the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power,
ethnicity, or religion
Arithmetic Population Density
The total number of population in a region divided by the total land area.
Physiological Population Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
arable
land suitable for growing crops
Agricultural Population Density
compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
Redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to
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accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
infrastructure
the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support without damaging
age-sex composition graph
a tool used to study population, like a population pyramid
Population Pyramid
A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population
alongside other evidence
cohorts
the vertical axis in a population pyramid showing age groups
birth deficit
slowdown of births
Baby Boom
happens once hostilities and peace resumes, birth rate often spikes
potential workforce
people ages 15-64 that are expected to be the society's labor force
dependent population
people under 15 or over 64
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