How can food allergies lead to asthma attacks and/or atopic urticaria (hives)? - ️️Mast cell degranulation along the gut can increase permeability of mucous membranes, so the allergen enters the blood stream. Symptoms then occur based on where the allergen deposits (asthma attack if in lower re...
Immunology – Hypersensitivity 56 Quiz
Questions Correctly Answered|2024
How can food allergies lead to asthma attacks and/or atopic urticaria (hives)? - ✔ ✔ Mast cell
degranulation along the gut can increase permeability of mucous membranes, so the allergen enters the
blood stream. Symptoms then occur based on where the allergen deposits (asthma attack if in lower
respiratory tract.)
How can skin tests be used to diagnose IgE-mediated hypersensitivity? - ✔ ✔ Injection of allergen
into (intradermal) or on to (epicutaneous or prick test) the skin of a sensitized individual leads to local
anaphylactic reaction.
The reaction consists of wheal (soft white center) and flare (reddish skin around wheal). This reaction
occurs within a few minutes.
The diameter of wheal and flare are indicative of sensitivity to that allergen.
How do allergens induce a type I allergic reaction? - ✔ ✔ Most type I reactions are against
environmental antigens (allergens) like pollen.
Exposure to an allergen activates TH2 calls leading to IgE production by selected B cells. This person is
now sensitized to that specific allergen.
IgE binds to Fc receptors on plasma membranes of mast cells and blood basophils.
When a sensitized individual is subsequently exposed to the allergen, the allergen's antigenic
determinants bind to Ab on the surface of the mast cell. This leads to cross linking Igε-Fc receptor
complexes which results in degranulation of mast cell or basophil leading to an inflammatory response.
How do the ABH blood groups differ structurally from one another? - ✔ ✔ The H antigen is
considered universal as the molecules structure is complementary to both the A antigen and the B
antigen.
, The A antigen features an extra N-Acetylglactosamine which makes it incompatible with the H and the B
antigen.
The B antigen contains an extra glactose molecule which makes it incompatible with the H and the A
antigen.
How do Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions lead to localized tissue destruction? - ✔ ✔
Initial contact with antigen results in production and sensitization of TH1 cells. Subsequent interaction
with antigen on antigen presenting cell causes the sensitized TH1 to liberate many cytokines and
chemokines. This leads to the attraction of macrophages into the area and the subsequent activation of
macrophages. This leads to increased phagocytosis and increased leakage of oxygen radicals and lytic
enzymes (pro-inflammatory) from the macrophage into the surrounding tissues, causing localized tissue
destruction.
How is allergic rhinitis treated? - ✔ ✔ Antihistamines. Antihistamines bind and block histamine
receptors on target cells.
How is asthma treated? - ✔ ✔ Inhalation therapy with low-dose corticosteroids to reduce
inflammation.
Omalizumab (monoclonal antibody that binds Fc region of the IgE and interferes with IgE-FcεR
interaction)
How is systemic anaphylaxis treated? - ✔ ✔ Epinepherine.
Epinepherine counteracts mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes. It also relaxes smooth muscle
of airways to control bronchiole constriction, and constricts blood vessels and reduces vascular
permeability to restore blood pressure.
If both parents have allergies - what percentage of the offspring will develop allergies? - ✔ ✔ 80%
If one parent has an allergy - what percentage of the offspring will develop allergies? - ✔ ✔ 40%
Name three types of allergens. - ✔ ✔ 1) Injected allergens
2) Inhaled allergens
3) Ingested (food) allergens
Overview of hypersensitivity reactions (image.) - ✔ ✔
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