is a concise reference tool tailored for students preparing for their second biology exam. It typically covers essential topics, key concepts, and critical details that are likely to appear on the test
Global Warming Air Pollution (cont) Types of Ecosystems (cont)
What is climate and climate change? Nitrogen Oxides Tundra
The statistics of the atmosphere and the Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen ype of biome where the tree growth is
change of those statistics over a period of dioxide, are expelled from high temperature hindered by low temperatures and short
time. combustion, and are also produced during growing seasons.
thunderstorms by electric discharge.
What are the causes of climate change? Taiga
Carbon Monoxide
Earth's Position : Angle of Earth's axis also known as boreal forest or snowforest, is
Shape of Earth's orbit around sun Solar CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non- a biome characterized by coniferous forests
Energy (sunspots) Volcanic Activity (gas & irritating gas. consisting mostly of pines, spruces and
ash filter sun's rays) Movement of the larches.
Volatile organic compounds
Continents (Pangaea affected the global
Savanna
pattern of winds & ocean currents) VOCs are a well-known outdoor air
pollutant. They are categorized as either A savanna or savannah is a grassland
What is Ozone? methane (CH4) or non-methane (NMVOCs). ecosystem characterised by the trees being
A form of oxygen that has three oxygen sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy
Chlorofluorocarbons
atoms in each molecule instead of the usual does not close. The open canopy allows
two. Harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from sufficient light to reach the ground to support
products are currently banned from use. an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting
What is Trophospheric Ozone?
Secondary Sources of Air Pollution primarily of grasses.
"bad ozone"; secondary pollutant - not
emitted directly regional air pollutant: cannot Stationary sources include smoke stacks of Chapparal
trace the source of original ozone national power plants, manufacturing facilities It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate
level: 10-15 ppb; high episodes common in (factories) and waste incinerators, as well (mild, wet winters and hot dry summers)
the summer 100-200% increase in last as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning and wildfire, featuring summer-drought
century - industrial rev. heating devices. tolerant plants with hard sclerophyllous
Photochemical Smog evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the
associated soft-leaved, drought deciduous,
Air Pollution Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical
scrub community of Coastal sage scrub,
What is Air Pollution? reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide,
found below the chaparral biome.
and hydrocarbons.
Various chemicals (gases, liquids, solids)
Alpine
present on the atmosphere in high enough
Types of Ecosystems Alpine climate is the average weather
levels to be harmful to humans, other
(climate) for a region above the tree line.
organisms, or material. Temperate Deciduous Forests
This climate is also referred to as a
Sulfur Oxides are dominated by trees that lose their mountain climate or highland climate.
Sulfur oxides (SOx) - particularly sulfur leaves each year. They are found in areas
dioxide, a chemical compound with the with warm, moist summers and mild winters.
Biomolecules
formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes Shortgrass Prairie
Biomolecule
and in various industrial processes.
Westernmost grasslands of the Great
A biomolecule is any molecule that is
Plains, characterized by infrequent rainfall,
produced by a living organism, including
low humidity, and high winds; dominated by
large macromolecules such as proteins,
shallow-rooted, sod-forming grasses
polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids,
as well as small molecules such as primary
metabolites, secondary metabolites, and
natural products.
By TheSoupNazi Published 20th October, 2014. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
Last updated 21st October, 2014. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 1 of 6. http://crosswordcheats.com
Small molecules: Lipids, polysaccharides, Amino acids contain both amino and Multiple cropping, in which several crops are
glycolipids, sterols, glycerolipids Vitamins carboxylic acid functional groups. (In grown sequentially in one year, and
Hormones, neurotransmitters Metabolites biochemistry, the term amino acid is used intercropping, when several crops are grown
when referring to those amino acids in at the same time, are other kinds of annual
Saccharides
which the amino and carboxylate cropping systems known as polycultures.
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of functionalities are attached to the same
carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. Livestock production systems
carbon, plus proline which is not actually an
They essentially contain an aldehyde or amino acid). Livestock production systems can be defined
ketone group in their structure. based on feed source, as grassland-based,
Protein structure mixed, and landless.[94] As of 2010, 30% of
Disaccharides
The particular series of amino acids that Earth's ice- and water-free area was used
are formed when two monosaccharides, or form a protein is known as that protein's for producing livestock, with the sector
two single simple sugars, form a bond with primary structure. This sequence is employing approximately 1.3 billion people.
removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to determined by the genetic makeup of the
Selective Breeding
yield their saccharin building blocks by individual. It specifies the order of side-chain
boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with groups along the linear polypeptide During the second half of the 20th century,
appropriate enzymes.[1] Examples of "backbone". producers using selective breeding focused
disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and on creating livestock breeds and
lactose. crossbreeds that increased production,
Agriculture
while mostly disregarding the need to
Polysaccharides
Agriculture Definition preserve genetic diversity. This trend has
are polymerized monosaccharides, or led to a significant decrease in genetic
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals,
complex carbohydrates. They have multiple diversity and resources among livestock
plants, fungi, and other life forms for food,
simple sugars. Examples are starch, breeds, leading to a corresponding
fiber, biofuel, medicinals and other products
cellulose, and glycogen. decrease in disease resistance and local
used to sustain and enhance human life.
Lignin adaptations previously found among
Crop cultivation systems traditional breeds.
Lignin is a complex polyphenolic
Cropping systems vary among farms
macromolecule composed mainly of beta- Mixed Production Systems
depending on the available resources and
O4-aryl linkages. Grassland based livestock production relies
constraints; geography and climate of the
Lipids upon plant material such as shrubland,
farm; government policy; economic, social
rangeland, and pastures for feeding
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid and political pressures; and the philosophy
ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs
esters, and are the basic building blocks of and culture of the farmer
may be used, however manure is returned
biological membranes. Monocultures directly to the grassland as a major nutrient
Further industrialization led to the use of source.
monocultures, when one cultivar is planted
on a large acreage. Because of the low
biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and
pests tend to build up, necessitating the
greater use of pesticides and fertilizers.
By TheSoupNazi Published 20th October, 2014. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com
Last updated 21st October, 2014. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
Page 2 of 6. http://crosswordcheats.com
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller kimblegavane1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
