Linnaeus' naming system - two names, Genus (first letter capitalized, in italics), species (all lowercase
letters, in italics)
Variety - describes naturally occurring differences within a species
Cultivar - combination of two words, cultivated and variety, human made varieties
Life cycle - groups plants by how long they survive
Use - classifying agronomic plants by how they are used, certain plants can be placed in multiple
categories
Companion - Fast-growing annual crop seeded with slow-establishing perennial plant
Forage - Vegetative matter (dried or fresh) fed to animals
Grain - Cereal grass or other plants grown for their seed
Green Manure - Crop grown and plowed under for soil improvement
Hay - The leaf and stems of plants cut and dried for animal consumption
Silage - Plant leaf and stems cut and placed in an anaerobic (no oxygen) environment
Phenetic - sorts plants based on overall similarity (looks), in morphology or other observable traits, lack
of consistency
, Phylogenetic - classifying by common ancestry, placed into clades, can be represented in a cladogram
Prokaryotic - organism that has no nucleus or other organelles, much smaller and simpler than
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic - organism with a nucleus and other organelles, 10 times larger and more complex than
Prokaryotic cells, developed specialized packaging and transport mechanisms which are necessary to
support the larger cell size
Cell Wall - plant cells are dead at maturity, rigid to protect the cell, made of cellulose fibers meshed into
a matrix of carbohydrates called pectin and lignin
Middle Lamella - pectin layer that cements the cell walls of two adjoining cells
Primary Wall - consists of skeleton of cellulose fibers embedded in a gel-like matrix composed of pectin
compounds like cellulose, able to stretch as the young cell expands to full size
Secondary Wall - formed after cell enlargement is completed, extremely rigid and provides compression
strength (it cannot stretch), contains lignin (strengthening and water proofing compound), several layers
Plasmodesmata - channels in between cells that let molecules pass through the wall from cell to cell,
"little holes in the cell wall"
Cytoplasm - consists of all the contents that can be found within the cell wall, excluding the cell nucleus,
2 main parts: organelles and cytosol
Organelles - discrete bodies surrounded by a membrane, and performing a specific function
Cytosol - a gel-like fluid that fills the interior of the cell, home for the nucleus and organelles, location for
protein synthesis and other fundamental chemical reactions
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