Historically, nursing preparation was referred to as "training," and many nurses
educated through the 1970s still use this term to refer to their education. Why is this
terminology particularly problematic in light of the advances made in nursing science in
the last 30 years?
A) On-the-job apprenticeships are no longer as prevalent as they were up through the
late 1970s and early 1980s.
B) It places emphasis on nurses' abilities to perform tasks rather than reason through
and understand the purpose of their actions.
C) Most modern nurses pursue Master's level education beyond their practice-based
Bachelor's education.
D) The last 30 years have seen nursing education move away from physician-taught
courses in hospitals to professor-taught courses at universities. - B
During the 1960s, why did nursing scholars heavily emphasize a focus on the
theoretical development of nursing as its own, independent discipline?
A) To support doctoral education for nurses that was discipline specific
B) To prove that the logical positivist approach was a poor fit for the discipline
C) To encourage and enhance the continued development of nursing science
D) To promote research by nurses in all fields, not merely nursing science - C
Which argument best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather
than an academic discipline?
A) "Nursing is an applied science. Its practice component places an emphasis on the
delivery of service by nurses rather than the development of academic knowledge."
B) "Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other
disciplines and, as a result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the
sciences that acknowledge idea sharing across disciplines."
C) "Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Individuals have been
providing nursing care to others since the Crusades, and this professional provision of
services predates formal education in the field."
D) "Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses
were educated or trained only at a Bachelor's level, and advanced practice therefore
has its roots in the profession itse - A
Which statement most accurately encapsulates Thomas Kuhn's proposed philosophy of
science?
A) Science philosophy should address both the conceptual and empirical problems of
science and serve as merely a problem-solving activity.
B) Science philosophy should focus on concept clarification and concept analysis based
on theory development and synthesis.
C) Science philosophy should resolve conceptual problems in science without being
limited to the development of theories.
, D) Science philosophy should examine the process of science, rather than the product
of science, according to a disciplinary matrix known as a paradigm. - D
The consensus statement crafted at the Knowledge Consensus Conference in Boston
in 1998 addressed the following areas except:
A) The nature of the human person
B) The role of nursing theory
C) The nature of the nurse as an individual
D) The links of each area of understanding to nursing practice - C
In which area is there a need for increased attention?
A) Acceptance of pluralism
B) Linking feminism to modern trends
C) Increasing empirical orientation in conceptual work
D) Theory development - D
Clinical research focuses primarily on:
A) results of patients' medical care in a specified time period.
B) steps in the process of medical care such as early detection, diagnosis, and
treatment of disease or injury.
C) care for the chronically ill.
D) cost-effectiveness of experimental interventions. - B
In conducting experimental studies, ethical issues may arise about:
A) exposing research subjects to unknown risks or withholding beneficial treatments
from control groups.
B) randomization in the selection of the research population.
C) requirements for long-term participation.
D) personal inconveniences of study participants. - A
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is a federal agency charged
with:
A) establishing Medicare payment policies.
B) updating diagnostic group definitions for Medicaid payment of clinical treatment.
C) improving outcomes and quality of healthcare services, reducing costs, improving
patient safety, and fostering effective services.
D) challenging interest groups' definitions of "quality care." - C
In contrast to traditional, randomized controlled studies, outcomes research evaluates
results of healthcare processes by:
A) focusing studies on the "real world" of physician offices, hospitals, clinics, and homes
and includes patients' functional status.
B) relying principally on analyses of patients' lab results and diagnostic measures to
determine functional status.
C) compiling anecdotal reports from the patients' primary providers.
D) using insurance companies' claims datA) - A
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