pancreas - vital organ that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and
various metabolic processes through the secretion of different hormones.
pancreas - The ___ is both an endocrine gland that produces hormones and an
exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes
diabetes mellitus - a chronic disease that results from deficient glucose metabolism, is
caused by insufficient insulin secretion from the beta cells. This results in high blood
glucose (hyperglycemia).
insulin - a protein secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas, is necessary for
carbohydrate metabolism and plays an important role in protein and fat metabolism.
alpha cells - secretes glucagon
alpha cells
glucagon - ___ secrete ___ which raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to
convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. This
process, known as glycogenolysis, helps prevent hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and
ensures a steady supply of glucose for the body to use as energy.
beta cells - secrete insulin and amylin
f or PP cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide
synthetic insulin - when the body can no longer produce its own own insulin, ___ can be
given
beta cells
insulin - ____ secrete ____ in response to an increase in blood glucose. function is to
promote the uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. also converts glucose to
glycogen for future needs.
delta cells - secrete gastrin and somatostatin
delta cells
somatostatin - ___ secretes ____ which inhibits the secretion of both glucagon and
insulin, helping to regulate their levels and maintain glucose homeostasis. It also slows
down the emptying of the stomach and inhibits the release of other digestive hormones,
influencing the digestive process and nutrient absorption.
, diabetes mellitus - -chronic disease (results from deficient glucose metabolism)
-insufficient insulin secretion from beta cells (results in hyperglycemia)
-disorder of the pancreas (3Ps)
blood tests - healthcare providers diagnose people with diabetes through what?
70-99
5.7-6.4
greater than 6.5
5.6
200 - Fasting blood glucose:
___-___ mg/dL - normal
Hemoglobin:
HbA1c of ___-___% = prediabetes
HbA1c of ___% = diabetes
HbA1c of anything less than ___% is normal
Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)
___ mg/dL at 2 hours
A1c - looks at how much glucose has been attached to RBC over the life (given as a %)
type 1 diabetes - Typically diagnosed in children or young adults, although it can occur
at any age. Viral infections, environmental conditions, and genetic factors contribute to
the onset. It often has a sudden onset with symptoms like extreme thirst, frequent
urination, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue.
type 2 diabetes - Typically develops in adults, especially those over the age of 40,
though it is becoming more prevalent in younger populations (most common type of
diabetes.). It often has a gradual onset and may not exhibit noticeable symptoms
initially. Some sources suggest that heredity and obesity are the major factors.
type 1 - Caused by autoimmune beta-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin
deficiency. It is characterized by loss of beta cells, presence of islet cell antibody, lack of
insulin, excess of glucagon, and altered metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.
type 2 - caused by autoimmune beta-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin
deficiencyGenetic susceptibility is triggered by environmental factors
type 1 - Immune-mediated destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a
complete or near-complete loss of insulin production.
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