-infectious agent
-reservoir
-portal of exit
-mode of transmission
-portal of entry
-host - what are the six links in the chain of infection?
Modes of transmission - from hands, stethoscope, BP cuff, bedside commode, droplet,
food, bld, mosquito, etc
mode of transmission - The six links of infection ___involves the spread of pathogens
through direct contact, indirect contact, respiratory droplets, airborne particles, fecal-oral
route, and vector-borne transmission.
Communicable disease - an infectious disease passed from one person too another
Virulence - the ability of an organism to produce a disease
normal values for WBC 5,000-10,000 mm3
Procedures
Abx
Multidrug
Breaks in infection - health care associated infection:
1.___- IV insertion, urinary catheter placement, etc
2.___ - C. diff, etc.
3.____- MRSA, VRE, etc
4.___ - Purell, Handwashing, not cleaning dirty surfaces, etc.
Laboratory Tests to screen for infection - -WBC count
_ESR
-Iron level
-cultures of urine and blood
-cultures and gram stain of wound, sputum, and throat
-WBC (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)
incubation period, prodromal stage, invasion or acute illness period, convalescence -
what are the stages of infection?
incubation period - Stages of Infection:
-From initial exposure to onset of first symptoms
-Pathogens undergoing initial colonization
examples:
, Chickenpox - 14-16 days after exposure,
Common cold- 1-2 days,
Influenza - 1-4 days
prodromal stage - Stages of Infection:
-Occurrence of initial symptoms (often mild)
-mild symptoms of tiredness & fatigue
-Pathogens continue to multiply
invasion or acute illness period - Stages of Infection:
-Immune & inflammatory responses triggered
-Pathogens multiplying rapidly & invading farther
convalescence - Stages of Infection:
-Symptoms decline
-immune & inflammation systems remove pathogens
Alternately
-Disease is fatal
-Disease enters latency phase
bacterial infection - -Common cause of disease
Prokaryocytes (lack discrete nucleus)
-Aerobic or anaerobic
-Motile or immotile
-Gram positive or gram negative
-Example: Staphylococcus aureus+ can cause a variety of infections in different organ
systems
viral infection - -Replication - depends on ability to infect host cell
-Not capable of independent reproduction
Life cycle in a host cell
Effects on infected cell:
-Inhibition of host cell DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis
-Promotion of secondary bacterial infection
Gram + bacteria - bacteria that can absorb abx's more easily. (easier to treat)
Gram - bacteria - bacteria that has a thinner Peptidoglycan layer but a hard cell wall that
produces endotoxins when disturbed activating inflammatory process & fever.
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