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A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH
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A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECH
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A&P 102 FINAL EXAM IVY TECHWho regulates pituitary gland secretion? - answer- hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - answer- Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Describe tropic hormones. - answer- They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - answer- Describe normal blood:
number of each cell type, pH.
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Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per
cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - answer- Rh positive
- presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma?
How do these create different blood types? - answer- Type A blood has A antigens on
its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - answer- Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - answer- RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all
act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
,Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - answer- Glucagon stimulates the liver to
break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the
breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose
and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes
transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - answer- is a chemical signal sent
between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released in
small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - answer- Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by
negative feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of
the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein
hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. - answer-
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and
act on target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Describe steroid hormones. - answer- Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus.
Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote
transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe the steps in clot formation. - answer- Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - answer- O+ give to: O+,
A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
, AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - answer-
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
0-1%
Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Compare serum versus plasma. - answer- Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which
blood cells, nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
What is hematocrit? - answer- percent of blood volume that is RBCs
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - answer- The autonomic nervous
system regulates the blood pressure via several mechanisms. It regulates the degree of
constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in body. Constriction of the blood vessels will
result in an increase in the blood pressure and dilation of the blood vessels will result in
a decrease in the blood pressure. The autonomic nervous system also alters the
cardiac output, which will influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is determined by
multiplying the heart rate x the stroke volume. The stroke volume being the amount of
blood ejected from the heart with each beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or
flight" system) results in an increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction
leading to a greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an elevation
in the blood pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "rest and
digest" system that results in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume, which results in
a lowering in the blood pressure. So, the autonomic nervous system controls the blood
pressure through a few mechanisms and they usually occur simultaneously.
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - answer- The four major
functions of the cardiovascular system are:
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