SPCE 630 Midterm Exam (answers)

Threats to internal validity include: 1. Generalization, testing, placebo effects 2. The number of participants 3. The number of replications 4. History, maturation, testing, procedural infidelity 4. History, maturation, testing, procedural infidelity Match the definition with the correct term: Events that occur during the experiment but that are not related to planned procedural changes that may influence the outcomes History Match the definition with the correct term: Changes in behavior due to the passage of time Maturation Match the definition with the correct term: Occurs when participants need to respond to the same test repeatedly during a baseline or probe condition, which influences responding Testing Match the definition with the correct term: Threats related to the measurement system, and are of concern because of repeated measurement by human observers who may make errors Instrumentation Match the definition with the correct term: Inconsistent implementation of the experimental condition Procedural infidelity Match the definition with the correct term: The loss of participants during a study, which limits the generality of findings Attrition Match the definition with the correct term: Occurs when a participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned intervention during the course of a study Multiple treatment interference Match the definition with the correct term: A type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the data series over time Cyclical variability Match the definition with the correct term: The amount the variability in the data (dependent variable) over time Data instability Match the definition with the correct term: When participants' observed behavior is not representative of their "true" or natural behavior as a result of their knowledge of being participants in an experiment Hawthorn Effect Match the definition with the correct term: A period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which data is collected Adaptation Carry over effects: 1. Is best described as the effect of a procedure used in one condition on responding in an adjacent condition 2. Are more difficult to address than sequence effects 3. May influence the participants' responding based on the order in which the experimental conditions are introduced to participants 4. Both A and B are correct 4. Both A and B are correct The hypothesis that assumes that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause is: 1. The null hypothesis 2. The alternative hypothesis 3. An example of a Type 1 error 4. An example of a Type 2 error 2. The alternative hypothesis Amanda is an RBT at an ABA clinic. They are working with a client, Jerrell, to decrease aggressive behavior (biting others). They have collected data for the frequency of Jerrell's bites for 3 weeks. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of the following data set (round to nearest whole number) Week 1: 22, 31, 20, 32, 32 Week 2: 7, 8 , 13, 31, 17 Week 3: 16, 5, 9, 12, 15 1. Mean = 16, median = 16, mode = cannot be determined 2. Mean = 18, median = 16, mode = 31, 32 3. Mean = 18, median = 16, mode = 31 4. Mean = 16, median = 18, mode = 32, 31 1. Mean = 16, median = 16, mode = cannot be determined Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreases rates of disruptive behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data throughout the duration of the school year across two elementary schools. In school A, all K-6 classrooms used the GBG. In school B, no classrooms use the GBG. At the end of the school year, Dr. Jones concluded that the GBG had no impact on student disruptive behavior, when in fact it had. This is an example of: 1. Type 1 error 2. Type 2 error 3. A threat to internal validity 4. A threat to external validity 5. Cannot be determined based on the information provided 2. Type 2 error The primary purpose of the method section is to: 1. Detail the plan of study being proposed 2. Provide a sufficiently detailed description of the study so a trained researcher can implement the study as intended with no additional guidance 3. Build a rationale for the study 4. Both A and B are correct 4. Both A and B are correct Which of the following is true about single-case research design? 1. It typically includes only one participant 2. The participant serves as his or her own control 3. Statistical analysis is used to evaluate treatment outcomes 4. History and maturation are almost always threats to external validity 2. The participant serves as his or her own control