NURS 251 Genetics and Genomics Exam Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
Nurs 251
Institution
Nurs 251
Geneticsthe study of general mechanisms of heredity and the variation of inherited trait.
Genomicsis the study of the function of all the nucleotide sequences present within the entire genome of a species, including genes in DNA coding regions and in DNA non-coding regions.
Genomeall of a living ...
NURS 251 Genetics and Genomics Exam
Review Questions and Correct Answers
Genetics✅the study of general mechanisms of heredity and the variation of inherited
trait.
Genomics✅is the study of the function of all the nucleotide sequences present within
the entire genome of a species, including genes in DNA coding regions and in DNA
non-coding regions.
Genome✅all of a living thing's genetic material
Gene✅specific set of instructions cells use to produce a specific protein
Human genome✅the complete set of genetic information for humans, contains about
20,000- 25,000 genes composing about 5% of the total DNA within the nucleus, present
is every nucleus containing cell except nature sex cells
Where is genetic information found?✅is encoded as DNA sequences within the 23
chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecules found within individual
mitochondria
Full definition of gene✅a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is
located usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance
controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the
structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of
other genetic material.
From of genetic information✅DNA goes through transcription to create mrna, which
goes through translation where protein is formed into a sequence of amino acids, which
then forming a functioning protein within living cells influences an organism's traits
DNA replication✅makes DNA copies that are transmitted from cell to cell and from
parent to offspring
Chromosomal DNA✅stores information in units called genes
Transcription✅produces an RNA copy of a gene
Messenger RNA✅a temporary copy of a gene that contains information to make a
polypeptide
,Translation✅produces a polypeptide using the information in mrna
Polypeptide✅becomes part of a functional protein that contributes to an organism's
traits
DNA✅genetic material in a cell that contains genes
Chromosome✅a temporary structure that is a large chunk of DNA containing many
genes
DNA structure✅-in mammals is a linear, double-stranded structure composed of
multiple units of four different nitrogenous bases each attached to a sugar molecule
- bases in each strand are connected together by phosphate groups -two individual
strands are held together(loosely) by hydrogen binds interacting between the base pairs
of the strands
Four bases✅adenince, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Pyrimidines✅single ring, thymine and cytosine
Purines✅double ringed, adenine and guanine
Base pairs✅A-T
G-C
Cell division✅duplication of a parent cell resulting in two new daughter cells that are
identical to each other and to the parent cells
When does DNA undergo replication?✅every time a cell divides
DNA replication✅- needed with every mitosis because each new cell created must
have a complete genome
- DNA of the parent cell must replicate exactly
- new cell has identical amount of DNA and genes
Cell division✅the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter
cells
G1 phase✅cell takes on nutrients, generates more energy, increases membrane size
and cytoplasm
S phase✅DNA replication
G2 phase✅Production of proteins important for cell division
, M phase✅actual cell division with nuclear separation (nucleokinesis) followed by cell
separation (cytokinesis)
Semiconservative replication✅DNA replication in which the two new sets of dsdna
each retain one father original strands
What is a chromosome with two chromatids?✅- a chunk of DNA that has been
replicated during the DNA synthesis of cell division
What does DNA structure allow?✅structure allows the replicated DNA to be "pulled
apart" during mitosis (M phase) so that each new daughter cell inherits exactly the right
amount of DNA(no more no less)
Purpose of DNA shape✅a major purpose of packing DNA into the shapes of the 46
chromosomes is to ensure precise delivery of DNA to the next cell generation
Ploidy✅is the actual number of chromosomes present in a single-cell nucleus at
mitosis
Haploid chromosome number✅(1N) is a complete set of one of each chromosome (for
humans 23 individual chromosomes)
Diploid chromosome number✅(2N) is a complete set of both pairs of all chromosomes
Polyploidy✅is the condition of having additional whole sets of extra chromosomes in a
nucleus
Metacentric chromosomes✅have the centromere close to the center of the
chromosome with the p arms and q arms close to the same length
Submetacentric chromosome✅have a centromere that is not in the center, so the p
arms are clearly shorter than the q arms
Arocentric chromosomes✅have the centromere at the top of the q arms, and there is
little or no p arm material
Single-gene trait✅controlled by one gene that has two alleles, variation in this gene
leads to only two possible phenotypes
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