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BIOLOGY 104 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGY 104 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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BIOLOGY 104 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Assuming that species 1 is the ancestral species of the group, explain the most likely
genetic change that produced the polypeptide in species 2 and the most likely genetic
change that produced the polypeptide in species 3? - Answer -In species 2 (lys)
compared to (val) in species three , a missense mutation (point mutation) to change
(lys) to (val) -- Missense mutation (change causes a new codon) -- when only one
nucleotide is changed. In species 3, the most likely genetic change was coded for a
stop codon.
Predict the effects of the mutation on the structure and function of the resulting protein
in species IV, justify your prediction - Answer -The structure is going to change the
shape and how it works. I will not work the way it intended to or not work at all.
Based on analysis of the data, identify each cell type or function of the cell and explain
how the data supports the identification.. - Answer -Cell X (Large amount of
mitochondria, and present cilia)-- Cell X has a large mitochondria, which is used for
cellular respiration and ATP synthase (energy for the cell) -- also has cilia, which is used
for movement in the cell. Cell X is probability used for locomotion and movement.
Cell Y (Large Smooth Er, and Rough Er, large amount of Golgi Bodies) - Answer -Most
likely protein synthesis,evident through smooth and rough er, used for protein synthase
(where it takes place) Large golgi bodies also supports because it used to package
proteins.
Cell Z (No organelles present) - Answer -Lack all organelles, must be a simple cell,
prokaryotic due to its simplicty
Describe the phases of the cell cycle... G1 Phase - Answer -During this phase, growth
occurs, need certain signals to go ahead to next phase
S phase - Answer -During this phase the DNA replicates and is preparing for the G2
phase
G2 phase - Answer -During this phase more growing is occurring and the cell is
preparing for mitosis
G0 Phase - Answer -Other cells in the body (when no dividing occurs) before G1 phase
, M Phase (MITOSIS) - Answer -PMAT-- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase--
need kinetochores attached to spindle fibers --lined up at metaphase plate-- if ok--
anaphase happens.
Explain the role of THREE of the following in mitosis and cytokinesis..
KINETOCHORES - Answer -(CHROMOSOMES) Where spindle fibers attach--PULLS
CHROMATIDS APART which ensures that 1 chromotid for each cell
Microtubules - Answer -THE SPINDLE FIBERS Microtubules play a role in the migration
of chromosomes to opposite ends of a mitosing cell during the anaphase.
Motor Proteins - Answer -Motor proteins are molecular machines that utilise the energy
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to move along microtubules.
Actin Filaments - Answer -USED IN CLOSING THE CELL DURING CYTOKINESIS---
During cytokinesis, a contractile ring of actin filaments forms at the equator between the
two poles that will separate into two cells. The contractile ring is formed by the bundling
of pre-existing microfilaments, or actin fibers, into the middle region. This contractile ring
structure defines the region of pinching that occurs as the two poles of a dividing cell
continue to push apart.
Describe how the cell cycle is regulated and discuss one consequence of abnormal
regulation - Answer -The cell cycle is regulated through the use of checkpoints. (G1 and
G2 for example) to check for any mutations or abnormalities. If damaged, will not move
onto the next phase. One consequence would be cancer, uncontrolled or unregulated
reproduction of cells, can led to mutations and an over abundance of cells ... CANCER
Explain the role of each of the following in protein synthase in Eukaryotic cells?.. RNA
Polymerase - Answer -Binds to DNA during transcription, and separates DNA strands --
uses that DNA strand as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a
complementary strand of RNA
Spliceosomal (snRNPs) - Answer -Removes introns from transcribed pre-mRNA, a type
of primary transcript (TAKE OUT JUNK DNA--- INTRONS)
CODONS - Answer -The sequence of three nucleotides which form a unit of genetic
code (read in unites of three)
Ribosomes - Answer -Bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptide
and proteins (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
tRNA - Answer -(transfer RNA) Small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the
ribosome for polymerization (BRINGS AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOMAL) RNAs are
carrying amino acids to the ribosome, where the actual protein synthesis takes place.
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