PSU BBH 101 final exam already graded A+
### Health Models
1. Biomedical Model: - Suggests that illness always has a biological cause, primarily focusing on pathogens and mechanisms
of disease.
2. Biobehavioral Model: - Recognizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultura...
- Suggests that illness always has a biological cause, primarily focusing on pathogens and mechanisms
of disease.
2. Biobehavioral Model:
- Recognizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces in determining health
and disease vulnerability, presenting a more holistic view of health.
### Scientific Concepts
1. Hypothesis:
- An idea or proposed explanation based on limited evidence.
2. Theory:
- A well-substantiated explanation supported by extensive research and repeated testing.
3. P-value:
- Indicates the probability of obtaining results if there is no actual relationship between the variables
being tested, helping to rule out random chance.
- A p-value of less than 0.05 is typically considered statistically significant.
### Epidemiological Terms
1. Prevalence:
- The total number of current cases of a condition in a population.
2. Incidence:
- The number of new cases of a condition occurring in a specified time period.
, ### Types of Research Studies
1. Case Study:
- A detailed description of an individual patient.
- Useful for unique cases, but has low explanatory capabilities in terms of establishing cause.
2. Cross-Sectional Study:
- Data collected at one point in time with no follow-ups (often through surveys).
- Useful for identifying correlations but not causation.
3. Case-Control Study:
- Compares a group with the disease to a group without the disease.
- Utilizes odds ratios to measure the likelihood of exposure among cases versus controls.
4. Odds Ratio:
- Indicates how much more likely people with a certain exposure are to experience an outcome; a
higher odds ratio reflects a greater risk compared to those without exposure.
5. Cohort Study:
- Follows individuals who are exposed to a potential risk factor and those who are not, assessing the
development of outcomes over time.
- Facilitates examination of cause and effect relationships.
### Methods to Ensure Valid Study Groups
- Random Assignment: Randomly assigning participants to different groups to minimize biases.
- Blinding: Concealing group membership from participants (can be single, double, or triple-blind).
- Good Placebo: Creating a placebo that is similar in appearance to the actual treatment to prevent
participants from identifying whether they are receiving the real drug.
### Clinical Drug Trials
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