the risk pyramid
~ major injuries or serious accidents, minor injuries, property damages accidents,
incidents with no visible injury or damage
sources of uncertainty
~ human, system, model, parameter
failure mode
~ one mechanism by which specific item can fail to perform a required function
...
✓✓✓✓~ exploration, mining and milling, swelling and refining, manufacturing, final product
open-pit mining cycle
✓✓✓✓~ load/haul/drill & blast, crush and grind, concentrate, extract
mine project life cycle
✓✓✓✓~ exploration(1-10yrs), environmental assessment and approval, site design and
construction(1-5yrs), operation(2-100yrs), final closure and decommissioning(1-5yrs),
post closure (a decade to perpetuity)
ASM challenges
✓✓✓✓~ lack of legal protection, poor working conditions, limited adherence to
environmental regulations
what is a tailings storage facility
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