100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the Immune System Review Questions and Correct Answers $10.49   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the Immune System Review Questions and Correct Answers

 10 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • NUR 316
  • Institution
  • NUR 316

Immunity state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion Innate immunity non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens Adaptive immunity specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically recognizing a pathogen t...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 19  pages

  • August 5, 2024
  • 19
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • NUR 316
  • NUR 316
avatar-seller
twishfrancis
NURS 316 - Unit 3 - Immunity & the
Immune System Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Immunity ✅state of having sufficient biological defences to avoid infection, disease, or
other unwanted biological invasion

Innate immunity ✅non-specific barriers or eliminators of pathogens

Adaptive immunity ✅specific immunity or acquired immunity, acts through specifically
recognizing a pathogen that has breached innate immunity

Protective cells in skin ✅keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan's
Merkel's

Chief cells produce ✅pepsinogen

Parietal cells produce ✅hcl & intrinsic factor

Granulocytes ✅neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes ✅lymphocytes and monocytes

Basophil ✅release histamines that cause inflammation

Eosinophil ✅kills parasites with oxidative burst

Neutrophil ✅Phagocytize bacteria and fungi

Monocyte ✅precursor to macrophage

Lymphocyte ✅Natural killer cells (kill cancer and virus-infected cells)
B cell (antibodies)
T cells

Most common WBC in blood ✅neutrophils

Least common WBC in blood ✅Basophils, unless there is an allergic reaction

,Phagocytic leukocytes ✅neutrophils and eosinophils in blood
Monocytes --> macrophages in tissues

Step 1 of Phagocytosis ✅Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte; when
infection occurs, phagocytes move towards the chemical signals through chemotactic
factor-induced pseudopod extension and retraction. Signals include: N-formyl-
methionine peptides (bacteria), clotting system peptides (trauma), cytokines
(macrophages located near infection site)

Step 2 of Phagocytosis ✅Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte; activation by attachment
to pathogens. Opsonins (molecules that act as a binding enhancer) such as C3b of the
complement system, and antibodies can act as attachment sites and aid phagocytosis

Step 3 of Phagocytosis ✅Engulfment; Formation of phagosome; facilitated by actin-
myosin contractile system

Step 4 of Phagocytosis ✅Fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form a
phagolysosome; lysosome contains digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) to degrade
four major groups of organic macromolecules; formation of phagolysosome leads to
degradation of ingested materials

Step 5 of Phagocytosis ✅Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes

Step 6 of Phagocytosis ✅Formation of residual body containing indigestible material

Step 7 of Phagocytosis ✅Discharge of waste materials

Natural Killer cells ✅type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that are activated by and kill
abnormal host cells, like tumour cells and host cells infected by viruses or intracellular
bacteria.

Activated NK cells release:
Perforin - disrupts plasma membrane
Granzymes - proteases that cause target cell to die

5 signs of inflammation ✅redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

Steps of Inflammation ✅Following tissue damage:
Vasodilation & increased blood vessel permeability
1. Chemicals (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes) are released by
damaged cells
2. Blood clot forms
3. Abscess starts to form
Phagocyte migration & phagocytosis

, 4. Margination - phagocytes stick to endothelium
5. Emigration - phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria
Tissue Repair

Steps of Fever caused by Gram (-) bacteria ✅1. Macrophage ingests a gram (-)
bacterium
2. Bacterium is degraded in vacuole, releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophage
to produce IL-1
3. IL-1 is released by the macrophage into the bloodstream, through which it travels to
the hypothalamus of the brain
4. IL-1 induces the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins, which reset the body's
"thermostat" to a higher temperature, producing fever

Beneficial effects of fever ✅1. Cause an unbearable environment for some pathogens
2. Increase the function of leukocytes by enhancing proliferation, mobility, and
phagocytosis
3. Endotoxin effects decreased
4. Increased proliferation of T cells
5. Enhanced activity of interferon

Interferons ✅part of cytokine classification; produced as a response to double-
stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection; very important for fighting RNA virus
infections. Two functions:
1. Inhibiting viral replication within host cells
2. Activating natural killer cells and macrophages

Transferrins ✅proteins carrying Iron; when Fe is attached to proteins, it is not readily
available for pathogens to use

Antimicrobial peptides ✅cause lysis of bacteria; inhibit cell wall synthesis; recruit mast
cells

Mast cells ✅Collection of basophils; found in the connective tissue of the dermis;
respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including
heparin and histamine

Final outcomes of complement system ✅Opsonization: enhancement of phagocytosis
by coating with c3b
Inflammation: increase of blood vessel permeability and chemotactic attraction of
phagocytes
Cytolysis: Bursting of microbe due to inflow of ECF through transmembrane channel
formed by membrane attack complex

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller twishfrancis. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

66579 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$10.49
  • (0)
  Add to cart