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Summary Key tensions within the Liberalism ideology
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LIBERTY EQUALITY INDIVIDUALISMNegative liberty is a foundational liberty Both don’t care about equality of outcome, but do care about equality of opportunity Human nature – we are rational bei
“Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” All individuals are born with natural rights – foundational equality of thought – individualism
Entitled to liberty, the pursuit of happiness and avoidance of pain
CL: freedom from, freedom to fail ‘Rule of law’ – all individuals are equal under the law CL: believe in egotistical individualis
Derived from the enlightenment – rationalistic ideas of science Developmental individualism: individuals must help themselves to improve freedom is based on a rational sens
and challenging the traditional religious order. Abolition of artificial social distinctions – race/gender self-interest
John Stewart Mill: negative freedom Mary Wollstonecraft –
a. ‘The Harm Principle’: freedom to do anything that doesn’t CL: worry about learnt dependency in the form of benefits positive view on human
harm people, defends freedom of speech – neo-liberals use John Stewart Mill: the ‘Subjugation of Women’ 1869 – votes for women nature
this to justify taking drugs. Mary Wollstonecraft: equal rights amendment (‘Vindication of the rights of Women’)
ML: say that classical liberals downp
ML: freedom to, empowerment – positive liberty in transit with negative ML: no extreme rich and no extreme poor inequality – the negative freedom
liberty John Rawls: ‘Theory of Justice’ – called for greater social and economic justice practised by classical liberals
For some – enhanced individual freedom is just a logical a. Equality of opportunity requires state intervention exacerbates inequality
continuation from classical ideas. b. Meritocracy
Betty Freidan – patriarchal dominance is the issue with liberty – c. ‘Veil of ignorance’ – life is fair because you don’t know how it will turn out
goes further than Wollstonecraft as she believed cultural change Betty Freidan: the ‘Feminine Mystique’ – women are held back by social issues
needed to occur a. Pushed through anti-discrimination laws in federal government
DEVELOPMENTAL INDIVIDUALISM KEY DISTINCTIONS THE STATE
Both believe individuals need to help
themselves in order to improve CL: egotistical individualism, minimal state intervention, minimal CL: minimal state, minimal breadth of functions otherwise it will affect liberty
paid education, negative liberty, Laissez-Faire economics. Ronald Reagan: “government is not the solution to our problems, it is the problem”
CL: interfere as little as possible Adam Smith – ‘Laissez-faire economics’ John Locke:
John Stewart Mill: later a. ‘The wealth of nations’ – capitalism and wealth a. Rejected the idea of ‘divine right’ to govern or that they state was created by God.
modified his views, arguing creation are enhanced if the state doesn’t interfere b. The state was created by man and should serve within the people’s interest
that the state must intervene with markets c. Explored in ‘the two treaties of government’
to help individuals attain b. ‘The invisible hand’ – if there is a lot of space to d. Before the state there was a natural society that was completely individualistic but contain
developmental individualism. practise capitalism then you will have a healthy and natural rights and liberties
dynamic economy. Allows self-interested individuals e. Separation of powers and religious tolerance, constitutionalism to stop the abuse of power
ML: by interfering, the state can assist to act in the public interest. f. ‘The social contract’ – government accountable to the people and operate within the law
with development – through state-ran c. Margaret Thatcher during the mining crisis – she g. The state is a necessary evil to enhance your freedom – consent to democracy and held to
education didn’t help account by voting.
John Stewart Mill: some state intervention for the poor
ML: developmental individualism, state helps you help yourself
(positive liberty), state-ran education, Keynesian economics ML: enabling state, “a necessary evil”
John Rawls – Keynesian economics: John Rawls: modernised the social contract by adding social and economic aspects – redistributi
a. A system of economic management where the state of wealth, rejected unregulated capitalism and wanted a property-owning democracy.
directly intervenes to stimulate the economy to Betty Freidan: an enabling state would help women be free – the state can be a vehicle to comb
achieve full employment and economic growth. the patriarchy – state benefits for single/divorced/widowed mothers.
b. Rectifying economic downturns.
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