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BIO 460 - EXAM 1-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ 100% Pass
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BIO 460 - EXAM 1-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ 100% Pass
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BIO 460 - EXAM 1-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified/ 100% Passnuclear genome - ✔️✔️~3 billion bps, inherited from both parents
- 2 copies per cell (exception - male sex chromosomes)
- all cells except RBCs have nuclei
mitochondrial genome - ✔️✔️~16500 bps, maternal inheritance only
- hundreds to thousands of copies per most cells
metaphase chromosomes - ✔️✔️chromosomes form out of mass of nuclear DNA only at
metaphase of at cell division
- chromosomes align in the center to be pulled apart at anaphase
- condensed by histones
mitosis vs meiosis - ✔️✔️- meiosis: cell division of germline cells; 2 diploid cells produce 4 haploid
cells in 2 separate cell divisions, includes recombination
- mitosis: cell division of somatic cells; 1 haploid cell generates 2 identical haploid cells in one
division
cytogenetics - ✔️✔️the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of
chromosomes
- harvest live human cells
- treat with colchicine; binds to tubulin
- stain cells during metaphase
does a cytogenetically normal child inherit different amounts of genetic material from their parents?
- ✔️✔️yes, children inherit more from their mothers
- mtDNA adds 1000s more base pairs
- X chromosomes are larger and carry more information
location terminology for chromosomes - ✔️✔️p = short arm
q = long arm
centromere = where sister chromatids are attached, spindle fibers bind here
, human genome - ✔️✔️~26,000 protein-coding genes in genome (out of ~3 billion), all containing
one or more functions
- exons are ~1% of genome
- humans found to have less genes than predicted
gene exon/intron structure - ✔️✔️- average gene size is ~27 kb, with majority of genome being
intergenic (~75 kb average space between)
- exons are in the coding region, genes are transcribed into mRNA
- introns are spliced out at GT and AG sites
- mRNA is translated into proteins
pseudogenes - ✔️✔️former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional
- more than 2000 in human genome
- may be conserved in other organisms; inactive in humans
- ex: MYH16, a sarcomeric myosin (muscle contraction) gene with frameshift mutation introducing
premature stop codon; found in jaw muscles, loss associated with cooking food
X chromosome inactivation - ✔️✔️process that occurs in female mammals in which one of the X
chromosomes is randomly turned off in each cell
- around 300 genes in X chromosome
- ex: calico/tortoiseshell cats have random X chromosome inactivation in different cells (fur color is
X-linked)
germline vs somatic mutations - ✔️✔️- germline mutations are inherited
- somatic mutations may lead to cancer
Turner syndrome - ✔️✔️XO female
- short stature, sterility
aneuploidy - ✔️✔️abnormal number of chromosomes caused by nondisjunction of meiosis
- occurs in 10% of human pregnancies
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