Bio 252 Exam 3 Questions and Complete
Solutions
What does the circulatory system consist of ? ✅heart, blood vessels, and the blood
What is hematology ✅the study of blood
What is the fundamental purpose of the circulatory system? ✅transport substances
from place to place in the body
What are the three main functions of the circulatory system ? ✅transport , protection,
and regulation
List five ways in which the circulatory system helps with transport ✅1. Blood carries O2
from the lungs to all of the body's tissue, while it picks up carbon dioxide from those
tissues and carries it to the lungs to be removed from the body
2. Picks up nutrients from the digestive tract and delivers them to all of the body's
tissues
3. Carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal
4. Carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target organs
5. It transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and other origins to the
tissues where they lodge and mature
List 4 ways in which the circulatory system protects the body ✅1. Blood plays a role in
inflammation
2. White blood cells destroy microoragnisms and cancer cells
3. Antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and help to destroy pathogens
4. Platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting
List 3 ways in which the circulatory system is involved in regulation ✅1. By absorbing
or giving off fluid under different conditions, the blood capillaries help to stabilize fluid
distribution in the body
2. By buffering acids and bases, blood proteins help to stabilize the ph of the
extracellular fluid
3. Shifts in blood flow help to regulate body temperature by routing blood to the skin for
heat lost or retaining it deeper in the body to conserve heat
True or false: adults generally have about 4 to 6 liters of blood. ✅true
What is the matrix of the blood called____ ✅plasma
,____ is a clear, light yellow fluid constituting a litter over half of the blood volume
✅plasma
Within the plasma are the formed elements.... What are those elements ✅red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets
What is another name for a red blood cells ✅erythrocytes
What is another name for a white blood cells ✅leukocytes
What are the two types of white blood cells ✅granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are the three types of granulocytes ✅neutrophils, esosinophils, basophils
What are the two types of agranulocytes ✅lymphocytes and monocytes
How can you separate elements of the blood ✅put a sample into a centrifuge
_____ are the densest formed element and constitute of about 37-52% of the total
volume of a blood sample. ✅red blood cells
The percentage of red blood cells in a sample is called a ___ ✅hemacrit
____ and ___ settle into a narrow cream or buff colored zone in a blood sample. They
consists of 1% or less of the blood volume. ✅white blood cells and platelets
_____ is at the top of the tube in a sample of blood and is the least dense. It accounts
for 47-63% of the blood volume ✅plasma
_____ is a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous
waste, hormones, and gases. ✅plasma
When the blood clots and solids are removed, the remaining fluid is blood ____.
✅serum
What makes serum different from plasma ✅it lacks the clotting protein fibrinogen
What are some functions of the plasma proteins ✅clotting, defense, transport of other
solutes such as iron, copper, lipids, and hydrophobic hormones
What are the three types of plasma proteins ✅albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
_____ is the smallest and most abundant plasma protein. ✅albumin
,What is the function of albumin ✅transport various solutes and buffer the ph of the
plasma
What two properties of blood does albumin influence ✅viscosity and osmolarity
True or false: changes in albumin concentration can significantly affect blood volume,
pressure, and flow. ✅true
What are the three types of globulins from smallest to largest ✅alpha, beta, gamma
What roles do globulins play ✅they play a role in solute transport, clotting, and
immunity
_____is a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot and it is a precursor for
fibrin . ✅fibrinogen
True or false: in addition to protein, the blood plasma contains nitrogen-containing
compounds ✅true
____ are toxic end products of catabolism. ✅nitrogenous wastes
What is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the plasma ✅urea
____ is a product of amino acid catabolism ✅urea
True or false: the plasma also transport nutrients absorbed by the digestive tract and
dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen ✅true
Electrolytes are also an important component of the blood plasma. True or false ✅true
____ ions make up about 90% of the plasma cations ✅sodium (Na+)
Why is sodium an important solute for the blood plasma ✅it affects the osmolarity of
the blood, blood volume and blood pressure
What are two major properties of the blood ✅viscosity and osmolarity
____ is the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting form the cohesion of it particles. (the
thickness or stickiness of the blood) ✅viscosity
True or false: whole blood is 4.5 to 5.5 times more viscous than water ✅true
What makes the whole blood so viscous ✅the red blood cells
, True or false: plasma is 3 times more viscous than water ✅false; 2
What is viscosity important in the circulatory system ✅it governs the flow of blood
through the vessels
_____ of blood is the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the
blood vessel wall. This is more important in cardiovascular function ✅osmolarity
What does it mean if the blood osmolarity is too high ✅the bloodstream absorbs too
much water
What is the result of a high blood osmolarity ✅increase blood volume=high blood
pressure= strain on heart and arteries
What does it mean if the blood osmolarity is too low ✅too much water remains in the
tissues
What is the result of a low blood osmolarity ✅the tissues will become swollen
(edematous) and the blood pressure would be very low
The blood osmolarity is a product mainly of its ____, ____ and ____ ✅sodium ions,
protein, and erythrocytes
What is another name for blood osmotic pressure ✅colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
True or false: the adult produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion rbcs and 10 billion
WBC ✅true
The formation of blood is called ____ ✅hemopoiesis
The tissues that produce blood cells are called _____ tissues ✅hemopoietic
The first hemopoietic tissues of the human embryo form in the _____ ✅yolk sac
A____ is a membrane associated with all vertebrae embryos. In most vertebrates (fish,
amphibians, reptiles, and birds) it encloses the egg yolk, transfers nutrients to the
growing embryo, and produces the forerunners of the first blood cells. It also is a good
source for cells that later produce eggs and sperm ✅yolk sac
True or false: even animals that do not lay eggs have a yolk sac ✅true
_____ are cell clusters that form by the third week of human development. They
produce stem cells that migrate into the embryo and colonize the bone marrow, spleen,
liver, and thymus. ✅blood islands
