USA HLTH 1020 Health Anatomy
Week 1 Lecture Notes and Tutorials
(Terminologies and Tissues)
University of South Australia
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
HLTH 1020 WEEK 1 LECTURE 1 – Anatomical Position, Terminology
and Planes
- THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
▪ Can be achieved laying or standing
o Arms near sides
o Palms facing forward
o Why have an anatomical position?
▪ The position is a starting point/reference
• EXAMPLE: if describing a particular muscles or position of the body,
the anatomical position is the first point of reference
- TERMINOLOGY: DIRECTIONS
o PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
▪ Proximal (from Latin Proximus 'nearest') and Distal (from Latin distare 'to
stand away from'):
• Used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from
the head, respectively
o Question: Online resources often suggest the frame of
reference as being the centre of the body – is the head
used as the reference point instead for a specific reason?
▪ Used when referring to the position of LIMBS
• EXAMPLE: the TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT (the point of connection for the
TIBIA to the FIBULA) occurs at two points;
o The PROXIMAL TIBIOFIBULAR refers to the joint relatively
‘closer’ to the head (‘closer proximity’)
o The DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR refers to the joint relatively
‘further’ from the head (further ‘distance’)
o LATERAL & MEDIAL
▪ In relation to the MIDLINE
• Used to describe parts of a feature that are closer or further from
one’s midline
• EXAMPLE: the ??? (???) features two ‘heads’ or ‘bellies’;
o The LATERAL ??? refers to the portion of ??? relatively
‘further’ from the midline of a body
o The MEDIAL ??? refers to the portion of ??? relatively
‘closer’ to the midline of a body
▪ Medial/middle/median (!needs expansion!)
o SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
• *Applies to the head, neck, and trunk*
▪ ‘SUPERIOR’ or ‘SUPRA’ (meaning ‘above’)
▪ ‘INFERIOR’ or ‘INFRA’/‘SUB’ (meaning ‘below’)
▪ EXAMPLE: the ILLIAC BONE features two ‘spines’ (sharp, bony protrusions);
• The ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILLIAC SPINE refers to the ‘higher’ of the
two protrusions, ‘closer’ to the head
• The ANTERIOR INFERIOR ILLIAC SPINE refers to the ‘lower’ of the
two protrusions, ‘further’ from the head
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
o DEEP & SUPERFICIAL
▪ ‘DEEP’ = refers to structures closer to the interior body
▪ ‘SUPERFICIAL’ = refers to structures closer to the exterior surface of the body
o ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR
▪ ANTERIOR: nearer to the front, especially situated in the front of the body or
nearer to the head
• EXAMPLE: "the veins anterior to the heart"
• Opposite of POSTERIOR
▪ Anterior (the ‘front’ or ‘in front of’, relative to the body)
▪ Posterior (the ‘back’ or ‘behind’, relative to the body)
- TERMINOLOGY: PLANES
o PLANES = imaginary sections that are drawn across bodies
▪ May be utilised to view an X-ray, MRI, a CT scan, anatomy diagram, etc.
• **sections do not have to be equal in size**
▪ TRANSVERSE / HORIZONTAL PLANE
• E.g., upper section and lower section
• Divides into superior & inferior
▪ FRONTAL / CORONAL PLANE
• E.g., ‘front’ section and ‘back’ section
• Divides into anterior & posterior
▪ SAGITTAL PLANE
o Origin of word “Sagittarius”; astrology
• E.g., ‘left’ section and ‘right’ section
• Divides into left & right
• MID-SAGITTAL PLANE = division of the midline of a body
- KNOWLEDGE TEST
o The knee is DISTAL to the hip.
▪ “because it’s on a limb we use proximal and distal”
o The sternum (breastbone) is LATERAL to the ribs.
▪ The sternum (breastbone) is MEDIAL to the ribs.
o The SAGITALL plane divides you into right and left parts.
o The elbow is MEDIAL to the wrist.
▪ The elbow is (more) PROXIMAL to the wrist.
• “As it is closer to the head”
HLTH 1020 WEEK 1 LECTURE 2 – Bones
- BONE STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
o Bones of the HUMAN BODY
▪ Composed of ~206 bones
▪ Accounts for ~15% body weight
▪ Fused by early 20’s
• “Therefore the length they will be for the remainder of life”
▪ Bones are LIVING and GROWING tissue
• Made of COLLAGEN (protein) and CALCIUM (mineral)
o PURPOSE of BONES
▪ Support
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