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Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and Answers % Correct
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Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and Answers % Correct Uniporters Correct answer-Transport in one direction across the membrane Symporters Correct answer-Functions as co-transporters; the two molecules travel in the same direction; 1. Energy is released as one substituent moves down its con...

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  • August 8, 2024
  • 56
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and
Answers % Correct
Uniporters Correct answer-Transport in one direction across the membrane




Symporters Correct answer-Functions as co-transporters; the two molecules travel in the
same direction; 1. Energy is released as one substituent moves down its concentration gradient
2. This energy moves a second substrate against its gradient into the cell




Anitporters Correct answer-Transport a molecule across the membrane while
simultaneously transporting another molecule in the opposite direction; the actively
transported molecule moves in the direction opposite to the driving ion; 1. Antiporter binds
substrate A on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane 2.Antiporter opens to the outside, where
the concentration of A is less 3. Substrate A leaves its binding site, and substrate B then binds to
its site 4. Antiporter opens to the inside of the cell. Substrate B is released in exchange for
substrate A




The Phosphotransferase System in E.coli Correct answer--Type of group translocation

-Best studied system

-Moves glucose, fructose, and mannose

-Five proteins required

-Energy derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)



-The product Glucose 6-P is used in glycolysis

, Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and
Answers % Correct
Group Translocation Correct answer-Substance transported is chemically modified during
transport across the membrane, usually phosphorylated




ABC Systems Correct answer--ATP-Binding Cassette systems

- >200 different systems identified in prokaryotes

-Often involved in uptake of organic compounds (e.g. sugars, amino acids), inorganic nutrients
(e.g sulfate, phosphate), and trace metals

-Typically display high substrate specificity

-Contain periplasmic binding proteins




3 components: Periplasmic binding proteins, Membrane- spanning transporter, and ATP-
hydrolyzing protein (i.e ATPase); also requires ATP energy




Shown in diagram at C




Cell Wall Correct answer-How prokaryotes protect the cell membrane? For most species,
the cell envelope includes at least one structural supporting layer and the most common
structural support is _______?



This confers shape and rigidity to the cell and helps it withstand turgor pressure, can see it for
example in E.coli

, Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and
Answers % Correct
Mycoplasmas Correct answer-An example of a few prokaryotes who have a cell
membrane with no outer layers



It's difficult to Gram stain




Sacculus Correct answer-The bacterial cell wall, or this, consists of a single- interlinked
molecule; for example disaccharide or peptidoglycan



Needed to maintain high pressure and solubility in order to maintain its shape




Gram- Negative Correct answer-Has thin peptidoglycan (PG)




Gram- Positive Correct answer-Has thick peptidoglycan (PG)




Peptidoglycan or Murein Correct answer-Most bacterial cell walls are made up of this
[only in bacteria]



The molecule consists of:

-Long polymers of two disaccharides called: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG or G) and N-
actelymuramic acid (NAM or M)

-The peptides can form cross-bridges connecting the parallel glycan strands

, Microbiology Exam 2 UTA; Questions and
Answers % Correct
-Can have Lysine (Gram -) or Diaminopimetic acids (Gram +) amino acids

-Cross-linked differently in G+ and G- bacteria

-5 more Glycine in G+

-Peptide bonds are covalent; more peptide bonds in G+

-No inter bridge between G and G




Beta (1,4) Glycosidic Bonds Correct answer-The bonds within peptidoglycan between
NAG and NAM




Peptidoglycan Is Unique to Bacteria Correct answer--Thus the enzymes responsible to its
biosynthesis make excellent targets for antibiotic

-Penicillin inhibits the transpeptidase that cross-links the peptides

-Vancomycin prevents cross-bridge formation by binding to the terminal Ala-Ala dipeptide



-Unfortunately, the widespread use of such antibiotics selects for evolution of resistant strains




Dispersed Zonal Peptidoglycan Growth Correct answer-Wall synthesis direction in bacilli
ex: E.coli (pulse label, 5% doubling time)

Usually growth from the center




Septal Zonal Peptidoglycan Growth Correct answer-Ex. cocci (staphylococcus,
streptococcus)

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