Exam (elaborations)
SLCC 2420 PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Course
- Institution
SLCC 2420 PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
[Show more]
Content preview
SLCC 2420 PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAMQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
CH. 1 Organizational levels of the body - Answer-Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System
Cell and tissue types - Answer-1. Neurons / Nervous Tissue
2. Muscle cells / Muscle Fibers
3. Epithelial cells / Epithelium
4. Connective tissue
Functions of the organ systems - Answer-See table 1.1
Internal and external environments - Answer-*Internal: Immediate environment of most
cells*
- Includes plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF)
*External: External side of epithelial body barrier*
- Includes Skin & Lumens of organs with contact of external environment
Body fluid compartments - Answer-
Homeostasis and how it is maintained - Answer-Negative feedback
Negative feedback and positive feedback - Answer-*Negative* = Main mechanism used
to maintain homeostasis.
Acts opposite of variable to return body to homeostasis.
*Positive* = Response in the same direction as change (Moves variable further away
from normal set point value)
Components of a feedback loop - Answer-Sensors -> Integrating Center -> Effectors
CH. 2 Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds - Answer-
*Nonpolar* = Electronegativity of the atoms are equal
*Polar* = Pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.
*Hydrogen* = A weak bond resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in
one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.
*Ionic* = Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Generates 2
oppositely charged ions. The metal loses electrons to become a positively charged
cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged
anion.
Which types of molecules are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic - Answer-
Hydrophilic =Carbohydrates, Polar & Ionic molecules
Hydrophobic = Lipids, Nonpolar molecules
Ampipathic = contains both Philic & Phobic properties
,Acids, bases, buffers, and pH - Answer-Acids - Release H+ when dissolved in water
Bases - Accept or remove H+
Buffers - Can both accept and donate hydrogen ions
- Absorb H+ if body fluid pH too acidic
- Release H+ if body fluid pH too basic
pH = -log [H+]
Characteristics and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids -
Answer-*Carbs* - Polar, Hydrophilic / Energy source, part of cell membrane
*Lipids* - Nonpolar, Hydrophobic (sometimes ampipathic) / Composed primarily of
hydrogen and carbon atoms
*Proteins* - Polymers of amino acids with peptide bonds / Receptors, carrier proteins,
enzymes, hormones (ex. insulin,) contractile proteins (actin and myosin,) antibodies,
structural proteins
*Nucleic Acids*- Polymers of nucleotides / DNA, RNA, Storage and expression of
genetic information
Cell structure: plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles - Answer--Phospholipid
bilayer, selectively permeable, fluid mosaic model (moveable)
-Nucleus contains genetic information
Cell-to-cell adhesions: - Answer-Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Desmosomes
Tight junctions - Answer-- Impermeable barrier between epithelial cells lining lumens
- Solutes can only go through the cells but not around them
Gap junctions - Answer-- Channels that allow cells to communicate or exchange
nutrients
Ex. Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, bone, some neurons
Desmosomes - Answer-- Keeps tissues from tearing apart when mechanically
stressed. (Like a spot weld)
- Found in skin, heart, uterus
CH. 3/21 Anabolic versus catabolic reactions - Answer-Anabolic = Involves the
production of larger molecules from smaller reactants.
Catabolic = Involves breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.
Endergonic versus exergonic reactions - Answer-Endergonic = Requires energy
Exergonic = Releases energy
Types of chemical reactions: - Answer-1. Hydrolysis and condensation reactions
2. Phosphorylation and dephospho rylation reactions
3. Oxidation-reduction reactions
,Hydrolysis and condensation reactions - Answer-*Hydrolysis* - Water reacts with
molecules, breaking the bonds that link a molecule together.
*Condensation* - Reverse of Hydrolysis; Joining together two or more smaller
molecules to form a larger one.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions - Answer-*Phosphorylation* - Addition
of a phosphate group to ADP to synthesize ATP.
*Dephosphorylation* - Removal of a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP.
Oxidation-reduction reactions - Answer-*Oxidation* - Removes electrons from an atom
or molecule
*Reduction* - Electrons removed are accepted by another atom or molecule
Law of mass action - Answer-Increase in the concentration of reactants relative to
products tends to push a reaction forward, and an increase in the concentration of
products relative to reactants tend to push a reaction in reverse.
Activation energy - Answer-The difference between the energy of the transition state
and the energy of either the reactants or the products.
How enzymes work - Answer-Biomolecules specialized to act as catalysts (increase
rate of chemical reactions)
Factors that affect enzyme activity: - Answer-1. Substrate concentration and enzyme
concentration
2. Enzyme's affinity for the substrate
3. Temperature and pH
Enzyme regulation - Answer-Allosteric & Covalent regulation
Allosteric regulation - Answer-Reversible binding of a modulator molecule to a
regulatory site on an enzyme.
Covalent regulation - Answer-Enzyme changes shape at active site (permanent)
Protein kinase and phosphatase enzymes - Answer-Kinase - Turns on, or
phosphorylates a target enzyme molecule
Phosphatase - Turns off, or dephosphorylates a target enzyme molecule
Feedback inhibition and feedforward activation - Answer-*Inhibition* - Intermediate
product of metabolic pathway allosterically inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes an earlier
reaction in the same pathway.
*Activation* - Activation of an enzyme by an intermediate appearing upstream in a
metabolic pathway
-Helps keep reaction rates steady under normal conditions, but also allows reactions to
speed up or slow down when conditions change.
, Cellular respiration and the oxidation of glucose - Answer-Know the 4 stages: where
each occurs and what is happening
Fermentation - Answer-
Uptake, utilization, and storage of energy in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats - Answer-
glycolysis - Answer-"Splitting of sugar"
Metabolic pathway of ten reactions, each catalyzed by different cytostolic enzyme.
Each glucose molecule is broken down into 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP.
glycogenesis - Answer-
glycogenolysis - Answer-
gluconeogenesis - Answer-
lipolysis - Answer-
lipogenesis - Answer-
beta oxidation - Answer-
proteolysis - Answer-
deamination - Answer-
transamination - Answer-
Absorptive state versus postabsorptive state - Answer-
What is happening in each and what the primary energy source for most body cells is -
Answer-
Which organ system controls the switch between the absorptive and post absorptive
state - Answer-
CH. 4 Passive versus active transport - Answer-
Driving forces acting on molecules: - Answer-
Chemical driving force - Answer-
Electrical driving force (only acts on ions) - Answer-
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller biggdreamer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $19.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73243 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now