1. What is Pathophysiology: is the study of what happens when the normal
anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of
the human body.
2. What 4 things does pathophysiology include?: Etiology, Pathogenesis,
Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
3. What is etiology: study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes
Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
4. What is pathogenesis: development or evolution of disease from initial
stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
5. What is homeostasis: a state of equilibrium in which all body systems
are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
6. What is allostasis: ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a
balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to
lower ones body temp.
7. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
,8. Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome: Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight
responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight
the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give
the organs energy to work.
9. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome: the activity of
the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the
body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
10. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome:
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body
can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It
causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or
death.
11. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from
general adaptation syndrome: disease can occur physically and mentally,
such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart
disease.
12. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general
adaptation syndrome: Corticotrophin releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines ( norepinephrine and
epinephrine) and cortisol
13. Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm
stage: activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic
hormone.
, 14. Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage: helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for
fight or flight.
15. Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage: Stimulates the
fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to
increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in,
stimulates more glucose to be released.
16. Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage: released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase
glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
17. Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response: Pupils
dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
18. Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response: -
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased
respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
19. role of nucleus: control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored,
produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells),
or none (RBCs).
20. role of mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and
has its own set of DNA.
21. What are clinical manifestations: Signs and symptoms of disorder.
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