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NR503 Epidemiology Midterm Questions and Answers
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NR503 Epidemiology Midterm
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NR503 Epidemiology MidtermHow does social justice and health inequities influence population health care
provision? Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care? -
answer More and more studies are being conducted to look at the relationship of
sustained exposure to toxic stress to a variety of poor health outcomes and high-risk
behaviors. These behaviors include such things as cutting, hypervigilance, promiscuity,
eating disorders, poor school performance, depression, violence, suicidal
ideation/attempts, and justice system involvement. These are just a few of the many
behaviors found to be associated with sustained exposure to toxic stress. Studies such
as these illustrate the importance of understanding the social determinants of poor
health and the potential for doing good and preventing harm to aggregates and
populations by targeting exposures to such things as child abuse and neglect for
prevention, early recognition, and intervention.,
Vital Statistics - answerVital statistics provide important outcome measures that APRNs
can monitor and compare over time and analyze by demographic variables to detect
such things as health disparities. In the United States, the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) collects the official records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, fetal
deaths, and induced terminations of pregnancies from state and local health
departments (Aschengrau & Seage, 2013). Personnel from local health departments
review the data from death certificates, including demographic data, looking at the
immediate cause of death and any contributing factors of death, and recording multiple
causes of death. Local data are sent to a state office for collation and then sent to the
NCHS, which provides this information to the public on its website
(http://www.cdc.gov/nchs) and in an annual publication, Vital Statistics of the United
States (Friis & Sellers, 2009). APRNs can access national and global health statistics
from multiple agency sources, including government agencies, to identify health trends
and patterns (Partners, 2014). However, due to the lack of agencies and/or resources in
certain populations or regions, health information might not be available or might be
limited in scope
Morbidity - answerRefers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a
population or group.
Mortality - answerMortality rates, also known as death rates, can be useful when
evaluating and comparing populations. As stated earlier, there are many factors that
can affect the natural history of disease, and measuring mortality allows investigators to
compare death rates among and within populations
Cases - answerRefers to individuals who acquire a certain disease or condition.
, Social Justice - answerthe defense of human dignity by ensuring that essential human
needs are met and that essential human rights are protected for all people
Epidemiology - answerthe study of disease distribution within populations and the risk
factors that affect increases or decreases in distribution.
Incidence - answerIncidence rates describe the occurrence of new events in a
population over a period of time relative to the size of the population at risk,Incidence
provides information about the rate at which new cases occur and is a measure of risk.
Incidence rates provide us with a direct measure of how often new cases occur within a
particular population and provide some basis on which to assess risk.
Prevalence - answerPrevalence rates describe the number of all cases of a specific
disease or attribute in a population at a given point in time relative to the size of the
population at risk. Period prevalence measures the number of cases of disease during a
specific period of time and is a measure of burden
Outcomes - answerThe possible results of an experiment
Inter-professional collaboration - answerMultiple health care workers from a variety of
professions working together to deliver evidence-informed, patient centered health care
Healthy People 2020 - answerHealthy People 2020 is a national document with agreed-
upon national objectives that guides and assists APNs to focus on and identify levels of
population healthcare for persons across the life span. There is clearly a strong and
compelling linkage between epidemiological concepts, the three levels of prevention,
and the goals of Healthy People 2020. The study and application of epidemiological
principles enables the APN to make comprehensive, evidence-based clinical decisions
for patients and populations.
Determinants of health - answerthe range of personal, social, economic, and
environmental factors that influence health status
Risk analysis - answerthe process of identifying and analyzing potential issues that
could negatively impact key business initiatives or critical projects in order to help
organizations avoid or mitigate those risks.
What is the Campaign for Action? - answerenvisions a world where all Americans have
access to high quality patient-centered care in a health care system where nurses
contribute as essential partners in achieving success.
Primary Prevention - answerPrimary prevention refers to the process of altering
susceptibility or reducing exposure to susceptible individuals and includes general
health promotion and specific measures designed to prevent disease prior to a person
getting disease. Interventions designed for primary prevention are carried out during the
stage of susceptibility and can include such things as providing immunizations to
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