Psychology 440 Iowa State Midterm 2 Exam Actual Questions With Verified Correct Answers.
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Course
WGU 440
Institution
WGU 440
Measurement Reliability - correct answer • Refers to stability or consistency of measurement
• Reliability is a matter of degree not an all-or-none proposition
Reliability is Not: - correct answer • Are we measuring what we intended to measure?
• The appropriateness of ho...
Measurement Reliability - correct answer • Refers to stability or consistency of measurement
• Reliability is a matter of degree not an all-or-none proposition
Reliability is Not: - correct answer • Are we measuring what we intended to measure?
• The appropriateness of how we use information
• Test bias
** These are issues for validity!
Classical Test Theory - correct answer Any measurement score yielded from some test will be the
product of two components:
• True Score
• Error
X=T+ε
• X = observed score on some test
• T = true score on some construct
• ε = error affecting the observed score
Reliability Coefficients - correct answer Numerical values obtained by statistical methods that
describe reliability
,- Similar to correlation coefficients
- Generally range from 0 to 1
(neg. values are possible but unlikely)
- Affected by the number of items
The Reliability Coefficient - correct answer Usually indicates the proportion of true variance in the
test scores divided by the total variance observed in the scores
R = σ^2True / σ^2Total
Where σ^2Total = σ^2True + σ^2ε
Total Total Variance = True Variance + Error Variance
The Reliability Requirement - correct answer - Do we always require a high degree of reliability?
- In what situations might you allow for a lower reliability coefficient?
- What are the implications of lower coefficients?
Reliability and Error - correct answer - Sources of error help us determine which reliability estimate to
choose
• Each coefficient is affected by different sources of error
- Goal is to use the reliability measure that best addresses the sources of error associated with a test
Sources of Error - correct answer - Errors in Test Construction
,- Errors in Test Administration
- Errors in Test Scoring and Interpretation
Test Construction Error - correct answer - Item or content sampling
• Differences in item wording or how
content is selected may produce error
- This error is produced by variation in items within a test or between different tests
- May have to do with:
• How behaviors are sampled
• What behaviors are sampled
Administration Error - correct answer - Anything that occurs during the administration of the test that
could affect performance
- Environmental factors: temperature, lighting, noise, how comfortable the chair is, et cetera
- Test-taker factors: mood, alertness, errors in entering answers, et cetera
- Examiner factors: physical appearance, demeanor, nonverbal cues, et cetera
Scoring and Interpretation Error - correct answer - Subjectivity of scoring is a source of error variance
- More likely to be a problem with:
• non-objective personality tests
• essay tests
, • behavioral observations
• computer scoring errors?
Types of Reliability - correct answer - Test-Retest Reliability
-Parallel or Alternate Forms Reliability
- Inter-Rater or Inter-Scorer Reliability
- Split-Half and other Internal Consistency measures
- Choice of reliability measure depends on the test's design and other logistic considerations
Test-Retest Reliability - correct answer - The same test is administered twice to the same group with a
time interval between administrations
- Coefficient of Stability is calculated by correlating the two sets of test results
Test-Retest Sources of Error - correct answer There are multiple sources of error that impact the
coefficient of stability:
• Stability of the construct
• Time
• Practice effects
• Fatigue effects
Parallel or Alternate Forms - correct answer - Parallel Forms - Two different versions of a test that
measure the same construct
• Each form has the same mean and variance
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