- consists of dead blood cells packed with keratin
Stem cells - found in the deepest layer of the epidermis (the basal layer) and they divide to give rise to
keratinocytes
Keratinocytes - synthesizes keratin
Melanocytes - synthesize black to brown pigment (melanin)
Tactile cells - found in the basal layer of the dermis and are associated with underlying dermal nerve
fiber
Dendritic cells - found in 2 layers of the epidermis, they stand against toxins, microbes and detect such
invaders then alert the immune system
Stratum basale (basal surface) - the lowest layer closest to the dermis, consists of single layer cuboidal
to low columnar cells
Stratum spinosum - thickest layer of the epidermis in thin skin, several layers of keratinocytes, dendritic
cells are found in this layer, desmosomes hold cells together in this layer, the cells are also bound
together by tight junctions
Stratum granulosum - 3-5 layers of keratinocytes, found more in thick skin than thin skin
Stratum lucidum - only seen in thick skin
, Stratum corneum - consists of 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer
resistant to abrasion, penetration and water loss
The Dermis - beneath the epidermis, a connective tissue layer composed of collagen fibers and contains
elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, supplied with blood vessels. cutaneous glands and nerve endings
Dermal papillae - upward waves in the boundary between the dermis and epidermis
Epidermal ridges - downward waves in the boundary between the dermis and epidermis
Papillary layer - thin zone of areolar tissue near dermal papillae, loosely organized for mobility of white
blood cells and other defenses against organisms that are introduced through breaks in the epidermis
also rich in red blood cells
Reticular layer - consists of dense irregular connective tissue, less room for ground substance, clusters of
adipocytes (fat cells) are found here
Hypodermis - also knowns as subcutaneous tissue, boundary between the dermis and hypodermis has
areolar and adipose tissue, pads the body and binds the skin to underlying tissues
Subcutaneous fat - hypodermis composed of mostly adipose tissue, not uniformly distributed, serves as
energy reservoir and thermal insulation
Skin color - melanin produced by melanocytes that is accumulated by keratinocytes in the stratum
basale and stratum spinosum
Eumelanin - produces brownish-black pigments
Pheomelanin - Reddish-yellow sulfur containing
Hemoglobin - red pigment of blood, imports pinkish-reddish hues in some parts of the skin
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