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BMS Exam 1 Questions and Answers Graded A+
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Exam of 34 pages for the course Barry BMS at Barry BMS (BMS Exam 1)
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BMS Exam 1Name a significant, nationally known, living figure in the biomedical sciences or in
clinical practice. What are they known for? This person must be a woman or a minority.
- answer- Rochelle Paula Walensky is known for working to improve the screening of
HIV and HIV care in South Africa.
She is an American physician-scientist that is the director of the CDC, the administrator
of Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
She is also known for motivating health policy in addition to informing clinical trial
design.
Name a second significant figure in the health sciences from any background. -
answerSanjay Gupta is the associate chief of neurosurgery service at Grady Memorial
Hospital in Atlanta, GA., an associate professor of neurosurgery at the Emory University
School of Medicine, a chief medical correspondent for CNN, and a member of the of the
National Academy of Medicine.
Big in the field of neuroscience and recently published a book in which he talks about
how to keep your mind sharp by doing certain activities daily.
He based his ideas on his research and through collaboration with other scientists to
discover more about cognitive longevity.
Who was Jonas Salk? - answerJonas Salk was a public figure when he developed one
of the first effective vaccines against polio in the 1950s.
In the midst 1960s he found in the independent Salk Institute.
What is the significance of the Salk Institute? - answerThe Salk Institute is a place
where scientists could work collaboratively on major biomedical issues.
It continues to this day and is considered one of the most prestigious independent
research institutes in the world.
It does have one relatively "new" focus and that is the study of aging. This reflects the
interests of its president who is noted above.
Name three of the BMS PLO - answerMicrobiology
Normal human anatomy and physiology (including changes in aging)
,Immunology (basic & vaccines)
Name three of the SHS ILO - answerDisease & health diversity
Challenges of aging
Diverse role models
Name two reasons why older individuals from different ethnic backgrounds may distrust
the biomedical community? - answer1. the history of inequitable treatment such as the
Tuskegee experiment and sterilization without consent, and stereotyping
2. Current issues such as the fact that African-American infant mortality is higher when
the doctor is not an African-American
What was the eugenics movement in the United States during the first half of the 20th
century? - answer- The Eugenics movement took place in the United States in the early
1900's and was led by Charles Davenport (prominent biologist) and Harry Laughlin
(former teacher and preacher interested in breeding). Davenport founded the eugenics
record office (ERO) to improve aspects of the human family. Laughlin was the first
director. During the 1920's and 1930's, the American eugenics society was founded,
other local societies and groups around the country were formed too.
Fitter family and better baby competitions. Movies and books promoting eugenic
principles were popular
The movement focused on eliminating negative traits; concentrated in poor,
uneducated, and minority populations. In an attempt to prevent these groups from
propagating, eugenicists helped drive legislation for their forced sterilization.
The first state to enact a sterilization law was Indiana in 1907, quickly followed by
California and 28 other states by 1931. These laws resulted in the forced sterilization of
over 64,000 people in the United States.
At first, sterilization efforts focused on the disabled but later grew to include people
whose only "crime" was poverty. These sterilization programs found legal support in the
Supreme Court.
In Buck v. Bell (1927), the state of Virginia sought to sterilize Carrie Buck for promiscuity
as evidenced by her giving birth to a baby out of wedlock (some suggest she was
raped). The US Supreme Court upheld the law, saying that states had the right to
sterilize people who they didn't think should have the opportunity to reproduce. This
decision legitimized the various sterilization laws in the United States.
,What European political movement adopted eugenics from United States and then
carried it to a higher level? - answerThe Nazi Party
What are anti-miscegenation laws? - answerAnti-miscegenation laws are laws that
criminalized the marriages between races, reinforcing racial segregation in terms of
marriage and sexual relations
What was the Tuskegee experiments? Why were they infamous? - answerThese are
among the most infamous medical experiments conducted by United States. The
Tuskegee experiment ran from the 1930s to the 1970s. Briefly without consent 600 low-
income African-American males with syphilis were followed but never informed of their
diagnosis (told they had bad blood which referred to a variety of ailments). The original
purpose Syphilis was essentially untreatable until the development of antibiotics in the
1940s. Still participants in the experiment were not treated and were allowed to suffer
from the disease and slowly die while they were studied to see the effects of long-term
venereal infection. Note many of the participants of the Tuskegee experiment were
elderly individuals with no healthcare
- Tracking of 600 low-income African American men in Tuskegee, Alabama. The original
purpose was to understand the natural course of syphilis. About 400 of them had
syphilis, in order to fulfil the purpose, the men we lied to and given sham treatments
leading to them passing the disease to family members who suffered and died
- They were infamous because it was unethical viewed as misguided and a clear
violation of the Hippocratic Oath: "first do no harm"
- it was a driver of distrust in the health system by African Americans revealed more
about the pathology of racism
What is the Belmont report that resulted from Tuskegee experiments? - answer-
National report that outlines basic ethical principles that would underlie research
involving human subjects and guidelines that should be followed to assure that the
research is conducted following the principles
- The basic ethical principles covered are: respect for persons (acknowledging
autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy), beneficence (obligation to
kindness and charity, don't do harm, maximize possible benefits, minimize harms),
justice (equal treatment)
What is the significance of the of the physician J. Marion Sims in biomedical history? -
answerJ. Marion Sims was a prominent 19th-century physician and researcher.
"Dr. Sims, dubbed the "father of modern gynecology," was credited with the first
successful treatment for vesicovaginal fistula, the first gallbladder surgery, and
introducing antiseptic principles in all areas of surgical treatment. The Sims position and
Sims speculum, still used in gynecology today, are named after him."
, Speculum - used for exams and dilation
Dr. Sims originally lived and practiced in the deep South but then moved to New York
City. He is credited with founding the first Women's Hospital in the country in Harlem
New York. After his death he was so respected that collections were taken up to cast a
bronze statue of him commemorating him as the founder of modern gynecology. The
statue had a prominent place in Central Park.
However, it came to light that Dr. Sims developed some of these surgical techniques by
practicing on African-American slave women, without their consent, and without the
benefit of anesthesia.
Therefore New York City has decided (2018) to remove his statue from public display
and have it moved to the private cemetery where he is buried.
What is the maximum species longevity? - answerMaximum longevity is the longest that
any individual member of a species can live
What determines the maximum species longevity? - answerMaximum species longevity
seems to be determined by species genetics
What is the maximum species longevity of humans? - answerThe maximum species
longevity of humans was thought to be 135 years however, it is now known that it is 115
or so
What are two basic ways individual humans can vary in their aging? - answerLifespan -
how long they live
Rate at which they decline and become disabled
What are three or four basic factors variations in individual human aging? -
answerSpecies genetics
Individual genetics
Environment
Individual behavior
Chance
What is the NIH and what does it do? - answerNational institute of health
The nation's medical research agency (biomedical research and public health research)
that makes important discoveries that improve health and save lives
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