ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy Certificate
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Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
1. The Normal Cell Cycle - ANS ✅-The cell cycle refers to the ordered
series of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
2. Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANS ✅Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
3. During interphase: - ANS ✅Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
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2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phase (M phase)
4. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANS ✅-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
5. Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANS ✅-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
6. Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANS ✅-Replicated chromosomes are
aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
7. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANS ✅-G1
checkpoint
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-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
8. Restriction Point - ANS ✅-The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation
can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger re-entry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
9. G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANS ✅-After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
10.-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANS
✅-Exceptions to this are those that are metabolically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
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11.Cell Cycling Time - ANS ✅Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
12.Cell cycle video and image - ANS
✅http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
13.Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANS
✅-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
14.Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins:
- ANS ✅1. cyclins (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
15.Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ANS ✅-(G0-
G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate
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