BIOLOGY PROCTORED EXAM PENN FOSTER 2024
ACTUAL EXAM/PENN FOSTER BIOLOGY
PROCTORED EXAM LATEST 200 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS(VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
What are characteristics of blood? - ANSWER-- transports oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in the
body
- carries away metabolic wastes and secretes them
- transports cells that fight infections and remove debris from tissues
- stabilizes body temperature by moving excess heat from the muscles to the skin for dissipation
- composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets called formed elements and plasma
What are red blood cells? - ANSWER-Transports oxygen from aerobic respiration and carry away some
of the carbon dioxide wastes
What are white blood cells? - ANSWER-Help fight infections
What are lymphocytes? - ANSWER-Type of WBC that attack foreign matter and fx as the source of viral
defense
What is nutrition? - ANSWER-Process by which food is obtained, prepared, absorbed and converted into
body substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
What are macronutrients? - ANSWER-Carbs, proteins, lipids(fats)
- primary building blocks of your diet
-Provide the body with the energy needed to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of
daily life
-required in large amounts on a daily basis
What are micronutrients? - ANSWER-Vitamins and minerals
- Help to process macro nutrients and are essential for growth and good health
,- Required in small amounts
What does the immune system do? - ANSWER-Helps the body repel foreign substances, cancers and
pathogens
Describe the various components that play a role in the body's defenses against disease - ANSWER-
immunity: the ability of the body to protect and defend itself against foreign substances
Red bone marrow: produces all kinds of blood cells, including cells important to the immune system
Lymph nodes: filter impurities such as pathogens and antigens
Spleen: spongy tissue of this organ is adapted to filtering out impurities from the blood
Tonsil: Trap germs which you may breathe in
-antibodies in tonsils help to kill germs and help to prevent thraot and lung infections
Appendix: acts as a storehouse for good bacteria
What are strategies for nonspecific defense again diseases: - ANSWER-Skin and mucous membranes:
serve as a body surface barriers to entry
-Pathogens can't get past the linings of these surfaces
Inflammatory response: kicks in when a pathogen invades body tissues
-necrophilia: ingest, kill and digest bacterial cells
mast cells: release neutralizing chemicals
macrophages: particle in the inflammatory response
complement system: made up of blood plasma proteins that complement certain kinds of immune
response actions
Natural killer cells: large granular lymphocytes that kill cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
Describe the function of the respiratory system - ANSWER-respiration is the process by which animals
move oxygen into the blood and rid the body of the accumulated carbon dioxide wastes
upper respiratory tract:
nasal cavities: canals separated by a septum of bone and cartilage
,Sinuses: act as resonating chambers for speaking and singing
Pharynx: passageway that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx
larynx: vocal cords-voice box
lower respiratory tact:
trachea: windpipe, tube connecting larynx to the bronchi
bronchi: which enter the left and right lungs
Lungs: pair of respiratory organs situated on each side of the heart
Diaphragm: Sits at base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest
-contracts and flattens when you inhale
-when you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and air is pushed out the lungs
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange
Explain how breathing works - ANSWER-Inhalation= air enters the lungs
Exhalation= air leaves the lungs
- as oxygen is removed from inhaled air, the air in the lungs quickly becomes saturated with carbon
dioxide
0 during exhalation, air moves out the lungs, ribs fall, sternum sinks and the diaphragm arches upward
-this reduces the volume capacity of the thorax and air is expelled from the lungs as a result
Describe the function of the urinary system - ANSWER-- excretion of nitrogenous wastes
- maintenance of the water-salt balance of the blood
- maintenance of the acid-base balance of the blood
Kidneys: help filter blood, help the body pass waste as urine
Urine: made by the kidneys is conducted from the body by the other organs in the urinary system
Urinary bladder: where urine is stored until it is voided from the body
Urethra: tube that takes urine from the kidney to the muscular sac called the urinary bladder
, Explain urine formation - ANSWER-Filtration: moves small molecules from a blood capillary to the inside
of the nephron capsule
Re-absorption: substances from the proximal tubule move into the bloodstream
Secretion: transport of substances into the nephron
Describe the fucntion of the digestive system: - ANSWER--Ingesting food
-Break down of food into smaller molecules that can be transported
- Absorbing nutrient molecules
- Eliminating indigestible materials
Mouth: entrance to the system where food is moistened and chewed
Pharynx: short and wide space that serves as a passageway for food and air
Esophagus: extends from the pahrnyx to the stomach
Stomach: secretes acid and enzymes that digest food
- serves as temporary storage for food
Small intestine: receives the chyme from the stomach
Duodenum: receives bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Large intestine: absorbs water, salts and vitamins
Pancreas: produces insulin
Explain the human senses - ANSWER-Taste buds: stimulated by food molecules
- we experience different tastes such as sweet, sour, bitter and salty
Smells: chemo receptors detect smell odors from tiny proportions of odor-producing molecules in the
air
Sense of hearing: involves structures that collect and amplify sound waves from the environment
Vision: What we see
Parts of the male reproductive system: - ANSWER-Testes: produce sperm and sex hormones that control
both reproduction functions and secondary sexual traits
- After sperm is produced, they travel from each testis through a duct called the epdidymis where they
completely mature
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller examiner356. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
