Exam (elaborations)
Class B surface water operator exam
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Class B surface water operator exam
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Class B surface water operator examII II II II II II II II
Identify the parameters of concern for source water improvements.
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1. solids/ turbidity-measure of matter in water II II II
2.temperature-affect on water density II II II II II II II
3.color, taste, and odor-microorganisms produces metabolites like Methylisoborneol
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(MIB) and Geosmin. II II II II II II
Watershed->NOM->TOC that include humic and fulvic acid II II II II II II II II II II II
4.nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients- cause microorganism to grow and they come from
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septic systems, wastewater plants discharge, farm runoff... II II II II II II
5.organic carbon- 2 groups: NOC and SOC/VOC
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natural organic carbon (NOM): include fulvic and humic acid that come from rock
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formation. II II II II II II II II II II
synthetic organic carbon and volatile organic carbon (SOC/VOC): come from industrial
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and chemical waste II II II II II II II
6.microbial pathogens- contaminates such as GIARDIA and CRYPTOSPORIDIUM.
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present in rivers and streams are caused by septic systems, wastewater plants
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discharge, farm runoff...
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a + fecal coliform test mens the contaminates are present II II II II II II II II II II II II
7.metals-can be toxic and bio-accumulative., regulated by the SWDA that sets the Max.
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Contaminant Level (MCL).
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8.oil and grease-prevent oxygen from dissolving in water II II II II II II II II II II II II II
9.dissolved oxygen- lack of oxygen in water, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur are present &
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causes iron and manganese to be released causing taste and odor problems
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Describe source water improvement methods II II II II II II II II
reservoirs- have slow movement which allows solids to settle
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aeration- saturate water with oxygen. II II II II II II II II II
oxidizes iron and manganese, remove dissolved gases, cools hot water...
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reservoir destratification- remove temperature layers.
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TRUE OR FALSE: copper sulfate effectively controls all types of algae at low doses
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False, dose depends on water temperature
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Solids and turbidity come from urban runoff, streambank erosion, agricultural runoff, and
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______. II II
a. point sources
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b. stack emissions
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c. treatment sludge
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d. algae
Algae II II II II II II II II II II II
Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus are septic systems, landfill leachate, urban and
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agricultural runoff, animal feed lots, and _______.
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a. the airII
b. wind
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c. sunlight
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d. all listed II
The air II II II II II II II
Some metals are removed by ______ and ______.
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a. screening, filtration
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b. coagulation, adsorption
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c. coagulation, screening
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d. aeration, adsorption II II
Coagulation and absorption II II II II II II II II
Reservoirs provide a quiet zone of _______ for sedimentation
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a. no movement
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b. wave action
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c. wind currents
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d. slow movement II
slow movement II II II II II II II II II
Aeration oxidizes iron and manganese forming ______ removed by sedimentationa.
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insoluble precipitates
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b. soluble precipitates
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c. coagulated solids
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d. insoluble coagulants II
insoluble precipitates II II II II II II II II II II II II
Disadvantages of spray aerators are moisture from drift, water loss to evaporation, down
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time in freezing weather, and ______.
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a. wood rot
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b. loud noise
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c. biological growth
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d. strong odor II
Biological growth II II II II II II II II II II II
Cascade aerators are waterfall devices that create turbulence for oxygen transfer, odor
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and gas removal, and some disinfection by ________.
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a. wind II
b. sunlight
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c. agitation
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d. aeration
Sunlight
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A pH change in aerated source water occurs if ______ was present.
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a. calcium carbonate
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b. ferric sulfate
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c. sodium bicarbonate
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d. carbon dioxide II
Carbon dioxide II II II II II II II II II
_________ is an odorless gas that flashes off upon aeration.
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a. MethaneII II
b. Hydrogen sulfide
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c. AmmoniaII
d. Oxygen
,Methane II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Free-flowing streams usually have small traces of ______ and ______, due to runoff, then
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concentrates them in reservoirs.
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a. Fe, Mn II II
b. CO2, H2S
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c. NH3, O2 II II
d. H2, O2 II II
Fe and Mn. II II II II II II II II II
Soluble iron is removed by aeration, forming insoluble ferric ________.
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a. carbonate
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b. sulfateII
c. hydroxide
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d. bicarbonate
Hydroxide II II II II II II II II II
Manganous sulfate is removed by aeration, forming insoluble manganese ________.
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a. dioxide II
b. sulfateII
c. bicarbonate
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d. hydroxide
Dioxide II II II II II II II
The first advantage of destratification is elimination of_______.
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a. algal blooms
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b. CO2 gasII II
c. anaerobic conditions
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d. dissolved oxygen II
anaerobic conditions II II II II II II II
The five criteria affecting copper sulfate use are II II II II II II II II II II II
alkalinity, suspended matter, temperature, amount of algae present, and type of algae
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If methyl orange alkalinity is less than 50 mg/L, copper sulfate is effective at ______
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pounds per acre-foot.
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a. 0.7 II
a. 0.8 II
b. 0.9 II
c. 1.0 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
0.9.......& if alkalinity is greater than 50 mg/L the rate should be 5.4 pounds per acre-foot
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A pH of _____ to _____ is the best for copper sulfate reactivity
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a. 8, 9 II II
b. 7, 8 II II
c. 9, 10 II II
d. 6, 11
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8 to 9.....adding citric acid can help reactivity. the citric acid keeps the pH low, reacts w/
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carbonate and bicarbonate ions, and prevent copper precipitation at higher pH. II II II II II II II II II II II
Potassium permanganate, as an algaecide, is limited to ________ reservoirs or areas
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near intakes.
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a. deep II
b. small
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c. shallow II
d. large II II II II
Small, or areas near intakes
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List the steps in optimizing treatment
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head works, rapid mix, rapid mix coagulation, mixing energy
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Head Works II II II II II II II II II II II II
treats the raw water source. Inspected for condition that impair treatment. The samples
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should come oxygen saturated layers near reservoir surface.
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Rapid mix II II II II II II II II II II II II
completely mixes raw water and coagulants, adds a positive charge to the negatively
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charged turbidity. The positive charged particles will attach to the neg charged and clump
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together forming floc.
Coagulants II II II II II II II II II II II II
added during rapid mix and form particles, which include alum sulfate, ferric chloride,
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ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and cationic polymers.
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Metal salts form insoluble hydroxide when reacted w/ turbidity and alkalinity.
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Cationic polymers, being pos charged form insoluble metal complexes.
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Rapid mix coagulation
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2 types charge neutralization and sweep floc coagulation. II II II II II II II II II II II II
Charge neutralization: + charged hydroxide of aluminum or iron absorb the neg charged
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turbidity, creating neutral particles. II II II II II II II II II II II II
Sweep floc: adding large dosage of metal coagulants, usually aluminum or iron salts,
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which results in metal hydroxide. The hydroxides form and capture colloids by creating
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gelatinous material that's swept from the water.
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Zeta potentiometer II II II II II II II II II II II
measures excess electrons on surface of particulate matter. The greater the NEG
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potential the greater the repelling force. For particles to settle the zeta potential should be
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around zero. II II II
Describe the flocculation process II II II II II II II II II II II
created gelatinous mass (floc) by cont. water movement, which increases the particle
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density.
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I start when coagulant contacts the turbidity in rapid mix.
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II. Particle destabilize, the coagulant neutralizes the particle charge (removes repulsion
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force) and allows them to stick together.
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III. Gentle movement causes each particle to absorb each other forming larger flocsent to
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clarifier for sedimentation II II II II II II II II
Describe the techniques used to optimize the sedimentation process II II
*Adjusting flow rates II II
*extending plant operation II II
*adjusting floc density II II II II
*leveling weirs (low head dam) II
*sludge removal II II II
*adjusting solid contact units
Sedimentation II II II II II II II II II II II II
separates particle fluid suspensions by gravity. The solids are floc particles and other
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precipitates formed by coagulation.
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