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Frequently Asked Questions About Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds – And Their Answers $14.49   Add to cart

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Frequently Asked Questions About Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds – And Their Answers

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  • Course
  • Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds
  • Institution
  • Mycotoxins In Grains And Feeds

؟ مایكو Myco معناھا الفطریات توكسین Toxin معناھا سم ھي منتجات فطریة سامة للإنسان و الحیوان و ، ھي مركبات تنتج على الحبوب أثناء الحصاد أو الخزن ولكنھا مقترنة بفطریا...

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  • August 10, 2024
  • 19
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds
  • Mycotoxins in Grains and Feeds
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TIFFACADEMICS
‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺣول اﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺑوب واﻷﻋﻼف وأﺟوﺑﺗﮭﺎ‬

‫‪Frequently Asked Questions About Mycotoxins in Grains and‬‬
‫‪Feeds – And Their Answers‬‬




‫أ‪ .‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﯾوﻧس ﺣرب‬

‫ﻗﺳم اﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟزراﻋﺔ – اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻷردﻧﯾﺔ‬

, ‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺣول اﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت )اﻟﺳﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻔطرﯾﺔ(‬



‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ؟‬


‫ﻣﺎﯾﻛو ‪ Myco‬ﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت‬
‫ﺗوﻛﺳﯾن ‪ Toxin‬ﻣﻌﻧﺎھﺎ ﺳم‬


‫ھﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت ﻓطرﯾﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎن واﻟﺣﯾوان‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﻣرﻛﺑﺎت ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺑوب أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺣﺻﺎد أو اﻟﺧزن‬
‫وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﺗرﻧﺔ ﺑﻔطرﯾﺎت ﻧﻣت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺻﯾل ﻗﺑل اﻟﺣﺻﺎد‪.‬‬


‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ أھم اﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﮭﻣﻧﺎ؟‬


‫أھم اﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻔﯾﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔﯾوﻣوﻧﺳﯾن‬
‫اﻟزﯾراﻟوﻧﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔوﻣﯾﺗوﻛﺳﯾن وﺗدﻋﻰ أﯾﺿﺎ ً )اﻟدي أوﻛﺳﻲ ﻧﯾﻔﺎﻟﯾﻧول أو دون(‬


‫وھذه اﻟﺳﻣﯾﺎت ﻋﺎدة ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﻛوز اﻟذرة وﺗدﻋﻰ ﻋﻔن ﻛوز اﻟذرة )‪ (corn ear mold‬أو ﻓطرﯾﺎت ﻛوز‬
‫اﻟذرة )‪.(corn ear rot fungi‬‬




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, ‫إن أھم ﺳﻣوم اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻔﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫أ‪ .‬اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻟﻔطر اﻟﻣدﻋو اﺳﺑرﺟﻠس ﻓﻠﯾﻔس ‪ Aspergillus flavus‬وﺗﻌﺗﺑر ھذه اﻟﺳﻣوم ﻣن أﻛﺛر اﻟﺳﻣوم‬
‫ﺳﺑﺑﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺳرطﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﯾث أن ﺳﻣﯾﺗﮭﺎ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﺣدود ‪ ١.٢‬ﺟزء ﺑﺎﻟﺑﻠﯾون وﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾن ب‪ ١‬ﻣن‬
‫أﻛﺛرھﺎ اﻧﺗﺷﺎرا ً وﯾﻌطﻲ ھذا اﻟﻣﻠوث ‪ B1‬ﻟوﻧﺎ ً أزرﻗﺎ ً ﺗﺣت اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓوق اﻟﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﯾﺔ‪ .‬إنھذا اﻟﻣؤﺷر دﻟﯾﻼ ً ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺟود اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت وﻟﻛن ذﻟك ﯾﻘﺗﺿﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ ً إﺟراء ﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺗﺣﺎﻟﯾل ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن ﻧوع اﻟﻣﻠوث )اﻟﺳم(‬
‫وﺗرﻛﯾزه‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗواﺟد ھذا اﻟﻔطر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺣﺑوب وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟذرة اﻟﺻﻔراء واﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء وﻟﻌﻣوم اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت ﻓﺈن ﻧﻣوه‬
‫ﯾﻛون ﺿﻌﯾﻔﺎ ً ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون رطوﺑﺔ اﻟﺑذور أﻗل ﻣن ‪.%١٥‬‬
‫ﺗؤﺛر اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد وﺗﻘوم ﺑﺈﺗﻼف أﺟزاء ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﯾث ﺗﺑدأ وظﺎﺋف اﻟﻛﺑد ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻣؤدﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻣو وﻣن ﺛم ﻧﻔوق اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ .‬إن أﺛر اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﯾﺗﺳﺎرع ﺑوﺟود ﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت أﺧرى ﻣﺛل ت‪،٢‬‬
‫واﻷﻛراﺗوﻛﺳﯾن وأﺛر ھذه اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﯾﺻﺑﺢ أﻗﺳﻰ ﻓﯾﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻧﺎﻟك ﻧﻘص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻣض‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﺛﺎﯾوﻧﯾن أو ﻓﯾﻣﺎ اذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺧﻠطﮫ ﺣدﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻟراﯾﺑوﻓﻼﻓﯾن وﺣﺎﻣض اﻟﻔوﻟﯾك وﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن د‪ .٣‬وﻟﯾس ھﻧﺎﻟك‬
‫ﻋﻼج ﻟﻠﻣﺳﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﯾﻛوﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻣرض ‪ Aflatoxicosis‬وﻟﻛن زﯾﺎدة ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن ھـ واﻟﺳﯾﻠﯾﻧﯾوم ﻗد‬
‫ﺗﺧﻔف ﻣن ﺣدة اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ وﻗد ﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺷﻔﺎء ﻓﯾﻣﺎ إذا ﺗم ﺣذف اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣﺗواﺟد ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ھﻧﺎﻟك طرق ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ اﻟﺗﻠوث ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت وﻟﻛن ھذه اﻟطرق ﻗد ﻻ ﺗﻛون اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ وﺗﺗﻠﺧص ھذه‬
‫اﻟطرق إﻣﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺣﺑوب ﺑﺎﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎ أو اﻟﮭﻛﺳﯾن أو ھﯾدروﺟﯾن ﺑﯾراوﻛﺳﺎﯾد وﺟﻣﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﺧﻔف ﻣﺳﺗوى‬
‫اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣواد أﺧرى ﻟﻠﺣﺑوب ﻟﺗرﺗﺑط اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﺑﮭﺎ ﺣﯾث ﯾﻣﻛن اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ Allumionsilicates‬أو طﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺑﻧﺗوﻧﺎﯾت ‪ Bentonite‬ﺑﻣﻌدل ‪ ١٥ – ١٠‬ﻛﻐم ﻟﻠطن ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل‬
‫ﻣن ﻣﺳﺗوى اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠطﺎت ﻓروج اﻟﻠﺣم أو ﺻﯾﺻﺎن اﻟﺣﺑش وﻟﻛن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ ھذه اﻟﻣواد‬
‫ﻟﯾﺳت ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺑﻘﯾﺔ ﺳﻣوم اﻟﻔطرﯾﺎت اﻷﺧرى ﻏﯾر اﻷﻓﻼﺗوﻛﺳﯾن‪.‬‬




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