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WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE WITH THE FULL UPDATE
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WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE WITH THE FULL UPDATE
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WGU D236 PATHO STUDY GUIDE WITH THE FULL UPDATEPressurecthatciscduectocalbumincincthecbloodstream?c-ccorrectcanswer-Oncotic
Oncoticc-ccorrectcanswer-acformcofcosmoticcpressurecexertedcbycproteins
Incthecblood,c_____ciscthecmostccommoncplasmacproteincandcis,ctherefore,cacprimarycdet
erminantcofconcoticcpressurec-ccorrectcanswer-albumin
_____ccontrolscosmoticcpressurecincvascularcsystem,cbuildscvolumec-ccorrectcanswer-
Albumin
Onecquestioncwascaboutcthecdifferencecincchildrencandcadultcimmunityc-ccorrectcanswer-
Possiblecanswer:cnaivecTccells
Learningccheckcquestion:cWhichcdifferencescincimmunitycmakecchildrencandcoldercadultc
patientscmorecsusceptiblectocinfections?cChoosec2canswers
Youngercpatientschavecfewercmemoryccellsctoccombatcinfection
OldercadultcpatientschavecacdwindlingcpopulationcofcnaivecTccells
Oldercadultcpatientschavecmorecmemoryccellsctoccombatcinfection
YoungercpatientschavecaclargecpopulationcofcnaivecTccells
OldercadultcpatientschavecaclargecpopulationcofcnaivecTccellsc-ccorrectcanswer-
Youngercpatientschavecfewercmemoryccellsctoccombatcinfection
OldercadultcpatientschavecacdwindlingcpopulationcofcnaivecTccells
Rationale:cyoungercpatientschavecnotcbeencexposedctocmanycpathogens,cwhichcmeansc
thatctheychavecfewercmemoryccellscthancadults.cThecprimarycimmunecresponseciscrelativ
elycweakccomparedctocacsecondarycresponsecmediatedcbycmemoryccells.
,OldercadultcpatientscdocnotchavecascmanycTccellsccomparedctocyoungercpatients.cWhenct
hesecpatientscencountercnovelcpathogens,cthecreducedcnumbercofcnaivecTccellscgivesccl
onalcselectioncfewercopportunitiesctoc"find"cTccellscthatcwillcbeceffective.
Fluidcandcelectrolyteclevelscarecregulatedcbyc_______,cwhichcregulatescactionscsuchcasc
thirst,cADH,ctheckidneys,candcRAAS.c-ccorrectcanswer-osmoreceptors
Fluidcdeficitccausesc-ccorrectcanswer--Excessivecloss
-Inadequatecintake
-Orccombinationcofcboth
Fluidcdeficitcriskcfactorsc-ccorrectcanswer--Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessivecsweating
-Insufficientcwatercintake
Fluidcdeficitcmanifestationsc-ccorrectcanswer--drycmucouscmembranes
-decreasedcskincturgor
-decreasedcurinecoutput
-lowcbloodcpressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
ROMEcforcABGsc-ccorrectcanswer-RespiratorycOppositecMetaboliccEqual
IfcpHcandcpCO2carecmovingcincoppositecdirections,cthencitciscpCO2clevelscthatcareccausin
gcthecimbalancecandcitciscrespiratorycincnature
Ifctheycarecmovingcthecsamecdirectioncthencitciscmetaboliccincnature
Buffers,crenalccompensation,candcrespiratoryccompensationchelpctocmaintaincacbloodcp
Hcofc_______c-ccorrectcanswer-7.35-7.45
AcpatientcwithcacviralcillnesscandcseverecvomitingchascancelevatedcCO2clevelcandcacbloo
dcpHcofc7.53.cSheciscbreathingcslowly.cWhatcconditioncdoescthecpatientchave?c
Metaboliccalkalosisc
Metaboliccacidosisc
Respiratorycalkalosis
Respiratorycacidosisc-ccorrectcanswer-Metaboliccalkalosis
Thecpatient'scpHcandcCO2clevelcarecbothcelevatingc(movingcincthecsamecdirection).cThisc
indicatescmetaboliccalkalosis.cThecCO2clevelcischighcbecausechercrespiratorycsystemcisc
attemptingctoccompensatecforcthechighcpHcbycexhalingclesscandcretainingcmorecCO2
TocpreventcchangescincpH,cthecbodycemployscbuffercsystems.cThecbodycutilizesc3cbuffer
csystems:c-ccorrectcanswer-proteins,cphosphates,candctheccarboniccacid-
bicarbonatecsystem
Carboniccacid-
bicarbonatecsystemcfirstclinecofcdefensecisc_____,csecondclinecofcdefensecisc_____c-
ccorrectcanswer-respirations;ckidneys
,Carboniccacid-bicarbonatecsystemcequationc-ccorrectcanswer-
Thecequationcmovescincbothcdirections
CABScEquation:
WhencCO2clevelscarecelevated,cthecequationcmovesc________,cformingcmorecH+candc
HCO3-cionsc-ccorrectcanswer-towardcthecright
CABScEquation:
WhencH+cionscarecelevated,cthecequationcmovesc_____,cascH+cionscarecconvertedctocC
O2candcthecCO2ciscexhaled.c-ccorrectcanswer-towardcthecleft
CO2clevelsc-ccorrectcanswer-35-45
HCO3clevelsc-ccorrectcanswer-22-26
Michael'scpulmonarycedemacleadsctocrespiratorycacidosis.cHowcdoescpHcimpactcMicha
el'scbasalcmetaboliccpanel?cChoosec3canswers.c
HiscCO2clevelciscincreasedcbecausechisclungschavecdifficultycremovingcitcfromcthecblood
stream.c
HiscK+ciscelevatedcbecause,cascH+cmovescinsidecofccellscincancattemptctocgetcitcoutcofcthe
cbloodstream,cK+cmovescfromccellscintocthecbloodstream.c
Hiscsodiumclevelciscdecreasedcduectochypervolemia.c
HisccalciumclevelciscreducedcbecausecthecelevatedcconcentrationcofcH+cmakescitceasierc
forcCa+ctocbindctocalbumin.c
HiscCO2clevelciscdecreasedcbecausechisclungschavecdifficultycaddingcitcintocthecbloodstr
eamc-ccorrectcanswer-
HiscCO2clevelciscincreasedcbecausechisclungschavecdifficultycremovingcitcfromcthecblood
stream.c
HiscK+ciscelevatedcbecause,cascH+cmovescinsidecofccellscincancattemptctocgetcitcoutcofcthe
cbloodstream,cK+cmovescfromccellscintocthecbloodstream.c
Hiscsodiumclevelciscdecreasedcduectochypervolemia.
Thereciscacquestioncaboutchypoventilationcorchyperventilationc-ccorrectcanswer-
MetaboliccacidosiscpHc<7.35c=crespirationscincreasecincdepthcandcratectocblowcoffcCO2
MetaboliccalkalosiscpHc>7.45c=crespirationscslowcdownctocincreasecCO2cretention
Respiratorycacidosisc=cexcesscCO2chascaccumulatedcwhichciscgeneratingcH+
Respiratorycalkalosisc=clungscblowcoffctoocmuchcCO2,ccreatingclesscH+cincblood
, Whatciscexcretedcincresponsectocfluidcvolumecoverload?c-ccorrectcanswer-
Natriureticcpeptides
Natriureticcpeptidesc-ccorrectcanswer-
hormonalcsignalscreleasedcbycthecbraincandcheartcincresponsectocexcesscfluidcincthecbod
y
Natriureticcpeptidescsignalsc_____curinecoutputcandc____cfluidcvolumec-
ccorrectcanswer-increase;creduce
Achormonalcpanelcwascdoneconcacpatientcwithccongestivecheartcfailurecandcfluidcvolumec
overload.cWhichcelevatedchormoneconcthecpatient'scchartciscindicativecofcthecbody'scatte
mptctocreducecthecfluidcoverload?c-ccorrectcanswer-BNPc-
cit'screleasedcwhencfluidcvolumecexcessciscpresent
Comparecandccontrastchemodialysiscandcperitonealcdialysisc-ccorrectcanswer-
Hemodialysis:c
-machinecpumpscbloodcfromcthecbodycandcfilterscwaste
-3xcacweekcforchourscincacclinic
-acuteckidneycfailure
Peritoneal:c
-
nocmachine,cinjectioncintocabdominalccavitycandcwastecproductscdiffusecintoccavitycthenc
drained
-continuouscfiltrationcandclesscdisruptioncbutcrequirescsomectraining
-notcforcoverweightcorcsevereckidneycfailurecpatients
Hemodialysisctakescbloodcoutcofcthecbodycviacac_____,candcputscbloodcbackcintocbodycth
roughcac_____c-ccorrectcanswer-PIV;ccentralcline
*NOTE*ctherecarecseveralcquestionscaboutcsignscandcsymptomscofcdifferentcelectrolyteci
mbalancesc-ccorrectcanswer-
Sodiumclevelsc-ccorrectcanswer-135-145
Hyponatremiaccausesc-ccorrectcanswer-Vomiting
Diuretics
ExcessivecadministrationcofcdextrosecandcwatercIVs
Burns,cwoundcdrainage
Excessivecwatercintake
SIADH
Hyponatremiacmanifestationsc-ccorrectcanswer-
poorcskincturgor,cdrycmucosa,cheadache,cdecreasedcsalivation,cdecreasedcbloodcpress
ure,cnausea,cabdominalccramping,cneurologiccchanges,clethargy,cconfusion,cseizures
Hypernatremiaccausesc-ccorrectcanswer-
excesscwatercloss,cexcesscsodiumcadministration,cdiabetescinsipidus,cheatcstroke,chyp
ertoniccIVcsolutions
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