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ON TIPS
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CHAPTER 1 : Reproduction in Organisms
1. Reproduction is the ability of an organism to produce young ones of its own kind.
2. Reproduction may be asexual or sexual.
Reproduction
Asexual Sexual
(Without formation and fusion of gametes) (Involves fusion of gametes)
Involves 3 processes
Types
(i) Binary fission (e.g. : Amoeba)
(ii) Budding (e.g. : Hydra)
(iii) Spore formation (Fungi)
(iv) Vegetative propagation (Runner, Rhizome)
Gametogenesis Fertilisation Development
(Formation of gametes) (Fusion of gametes) (Formation of new individual)
3. Clones is a group of genetically and morphologically identical organisms reproduced asexually
from a common parent.
4. Fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction is known as syngamy.
5. Fusion of similar gametes is isogamy, while fusion of dissimilar gametes is anisogamy.
6. When male and female gametes are separated, they are called unisexual, heterothallic or dioe-
cious.
7. The individual which possess both reproductive organs are called bisexual, homothallic or mono-
cious.
8. Pollination ensures the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
9. Process of development of embryo is called embryogenesis.
10. Animals may be oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous.
11. In plants, after fertilisation ovary develops into fruits and ovule into seeds.
,2 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, BIOLOGY
12. Formation of new individual without fertilisation is called parthenogenesis.
IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS
1. Budding in Yeast in Amoeba
2. Binary FissionBinary fission in Amoeba
3. Types of gametes
Isogametes Heterogametes Human beings
(Cladophora) (Fucus)
4. Zoospores of Chlamydomonas 5. Gemmules in Sponges
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CHAPTER 2 : Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
1. A flower shows four kinds of floral parts : sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
2. Stamens are male reproductive organs of flower while carpels are female reproductive organs.
3. Microsporogenesis is process of formation of haploid microspore (pollen grain) from a pollen moth-
er cell through meiosis.
4. Sporoderm is a covering of pollen grain, which has two layers – outer exine and inner intine.
5. A matured pollen grain contains two cells : Vegetables cell and Generative cell.
6. Megasporogenesis is process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell. It takes
place in the region of nucellus through meiosis.
7. An ovule is a female megasporangium where the formation of megaspores takes place.
, On Tips Notes 3
Pollination
(Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma)
Autogamy Geitonogamy Xenogamy
( Pollination within the same flower) (Pollination between the different (Pollination between flowers of different
flowers of same plant) plants)
8. Anemophily : Pollination by wind. eg., : Maize
9. Entomophily : Pollination by insects. eg., : Dahlia
10. Hydrophily : Pollination by water. eg., : Vallisneria
11. Zoophily : Pollination by animals. eg., : Rafflesia (Pollination by elephants : Elephophily)
12. Herkogamy, unisexuality, heterostyly are some devices to prevent self-pollination and promote
cross-pollination.
13. The mature embryo sac is 7-celled ( 3 antipodal, one egg, 2 synergids and one central) and 8- nucleate.
14. Angiosperm exhibits double fertilisation— It comprises two events : syngamy and triple fusion.
15. Apomixis, polyembryony and plant tissue culture are some methods for multiplication.
16. Seed is the final (last) product of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. It is the fertilised ovule that is
developed inside a fruit.
17. Apomixis is the production of seeds without involving the process of meiosis and syngamy.
e.g., Some species of Asteraceae and grasses.
18. Occurrence of more than one embryo n a seed is called polymbryony.
19. Albuminous and non-albuminous seed :
Albuminous Seed Non-albuminous Seed
They retain a part of endosperm and is not They have no residual endosperm as it
completely used up during embyrogenesis. is completely used up during embyro-
e.g., : Wheat, maize. genesis.
e.g., : Pea, groundnut.
20. Perisperm and Pericarp :
Perisperm Pericarp
Remnants of nucellus in matured seeds are The wall of the ovary develops into the
known as perisperm. wall of fruits called pericarp.
21. Parthenogenesis and Parthenocarpy :
Parthenogenesis Parthenocarpy
It is the phenomenon where reproduction Fruits that develop without fertilisation
takes place by egg formation without is called parthenocarpic fruits and the
fertilisation. e.g., Rotifers, honey bees, etc. process is called parthenocarpy. e.g.,
Banana.
22. Integument and Testa :
Integument Testa
(i) Outer covering of ovule. Outer covering of seed.
(ii) Thin walled. Thick walled.
(iii) Its cells are living. Its cells are dead.
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