PORTAGE LEARNING A&P 2
FINAL EXAM 2024 QUESTIONS
LATEST WITH ANSWERS
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Collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system: - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Ganglia
Fill-in-the-blanks: _______ matter is composed of a mixture of the cell bodies of
neurons. _______ matter is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve
fibers - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>gray, white
Which vessels are constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>arterioles
True or False: If false, explain why the statement is false. The kidney and nervous
system communicate via the myenteric plexus, whose fibers follow the renal arteries to
reach each kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>This statement is false. The kidney and
nervous system communicate via the renal plexus.
List the 3 inner regions of the kidney seen on cross-section (deepest to most
superficial). In which section would you find the glomerular capsule and the distal and
proximal convoluted tubule sections of the nephron? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The
three inner regions of the kidneys include the renal pelvis, renal medulla, and the renal
cortex. The cortex houses the glomerular capsules, the distal convoluted tubule, and the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Urinary incontinence and urinary retention are two common types of micturition
dysfunction. Briefly discuss each, including what demographic is commonly affected in
each. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Incontinence is the inability to control micturition
voluntarily. It is a condition typically seen in infants and the elderly with diagnoses such
as end-stage dementia. Incontinence can also occur due to emotional trauma,
pregnancy, or nervous system injuries, such as a stroke or spinal cord injury.
Urinary retention is the inability to expel stored urine. This is a common condition after
general anesthesia since the detrusor muscle is slow to regain muscular activity. Male
urinary retention can also occur due to the overgrowth of the prostate gland, which
narrows the urethra, making micturition difficult. Insertion of a catheter into the urethra is
necessary to allow the urine to empty from the bladder.
,True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron. -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>False (only one direction in the same neuron)
Fill in the blanks: The _____________ root contains the axons of sensory neurons,
while the _____________ root contains the axons of motor neurons. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>dorsal, ventral
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Nerve
Describe the function of the sympathetic nervous system when a threat is present. -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is often referred to
as the "fight or flight" system. When in immediate danger, muscles require a steady,
increased supply of glucose and oxygen for muscular contraction. The SNS accelerates
the heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the respiratory rate. This supplies the
increased need for oxygen throughout the body. The SNS also causes the liver to
deliver more glucose for the body's increased metabolic needs. Sympathetic activation
inhibits the digestive tract because digestion is not an immediate necessity when in
danger or under attack.
Which cell serves as stem cells in the gustatory system that divide and differentiate into
new supporting cells then form new gustatory cells. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Basal
Cells
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>parasympathetic
describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Promotes all of the relaxing internal responses. Causes the pupil of the
eye to get smaller, aids the lenses of the eyes to focus on close items, helps with the
digestion of food, and also helps with slowing the heart beat.
The ventral root of a nerve contains what type of neurons - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>motor (efferent)
Part of neuron that conducts nerve impulse away from cell body - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Axon
A neuron going to bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. central nervous system
B. peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&CF. B&D - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>F. B&D
,T/F: Neurons come into direct physical contact w/ one another. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>False: don't physically touch.
Describe function and release of neurotransmitters - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored inside secretory vesicles (axon
terminal vesicles) at the end of the axon terminals.
When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the
transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another.
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored
in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals
An efferent neuron carries information:
A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system B. From the peripheral to the
central nervous system C. Within the central nervous system
D. Within the peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A
An afferent neuron carries information: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>From the peripheral
to the central nervous system.
True or false, if false explain why the statement is false: the central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>True
An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>central
nervous system
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters: - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored
in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals.
A postsynaptic neuron would be found - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>after the synapse
What is the disease for mpaired motor functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>apraxia
impaired motor functioning
what is the location and function of satellite cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>location:
peripheral nervous system
function: regulate the environment of neuron cell bodies.
what is the location and function of astrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>location:
central nervous system, the brain
function: forms the blood, brain barrier
What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? describe its maintenance from a cellular
level. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>it is a barrier of astrocytes wrapped around capillaries
, that helps prevent unneeded materials from entering the CNS. Keeps the chemical
environment of the neurons just right.
list the 4 parts of the human brain - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>diencephalon,
cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, and brain stem.
This region of the brain acts a sensory relay station: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A.
Diencephalon (thalamus)
List the phases of an action potential in order - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. resting
potential
2. depolarization
3. repolarization
4. resting condition
Development of a fetus in the uterus is divided into three trimesters. Choose one of the
trimesters and name which months the trimester covers and at least two human
development processes that occur in that trimester. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The
third trimester (months 7-9) is characterized by the continued development of the
systems already in place. For males, the testes descend into the scrotum. The baby
increases in weight and begins to develop fat under the skin. Sucking reflexes develop
around week 32. Lung maturation and temperature regulation are vital for the survival of
the baby outside of the uterus.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membranein section 4 of the
diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>This is phase 4: afterpolarization (hyperpolarization), the potassium
gates are slow to clse and that results in an undershoot of the potential, the voltage will
drop below -70mV and the return to the restign state beings.
Name and describe what is occurring in the neurocell membrane in section 2 of the
diagram. include the charge of the membrane during this phase. - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Deprivation, sodium gates are opened and the sodium floods into the
axon admits the depolarization of the action potential, causing the charge voltage to go
from 0 to +40 mV
A patients left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached during
surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb? Why? Why
not? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes. Peripheral nerves can regenerate the length of
an axon through axonal regeneration because of the growth of Schwann cells ahead of
the axon.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
A. -70 mV
B. +40 mV
C. Hyperpolarized
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