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Neurotransmitters in Autonomic Nervous System .pdf
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Neurotransmitters in Autonomic Nervous System .pdf
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Neurotransmitters in Autonomic Nervous System- Acetylcholine= cholinergic receptors
- Epinephrine = adrenergic receptors
- Norepinephrine = adrenergic receptors
- Dopamine
*Drugs are cholinergic or adrenergic based on the receptors they stimulate
Agonists and antagonists
- Drugs that are agonists fit into neural receptor site stimulating typical reaction
- Antagonists block neuro receptors fitting into a receptor site therefore block typical action of
neruo transmitter.
- Agonists stimulate
o Cholinergic agonist enhances effects of acetycholine
- Antagonists block
o Cholinergic anatagonist blocks effects of acetylcholine
- Drugs that begin with “anti-“ and end with “-ase”
Block degradation of transmitter
Drug Therapy for sleep disorders
Treat sleep disorders
- Benzodiazepines
- Non-benzodiazepines
*Hypnotics help sleep
Benzodiazepines
- Relieve insomnia
- Decrease repeated awakenings during the night
- Relieve anxiety
- Treat status epileptics
- Relax Muscle Spasms
- Help with moderate sedation
Usually end in “-pam”
Temazepam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
Flurazepam
Prototype
Temazepam (Resotril)
, Ot
Other drugs for sleep disorders
Triazolam (Halcion)
Flurazepam (Dalmane)
Benzodiazepines –
- are CNS depressants that enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA
- Promote Sleep because the cause sedation
Benzodiazepines Side/Adverse
Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, anxiety
Tolerance develops over weeks
Withdrawal
Can cause paranoia, panic attacks, muscle twitching, and hallucinations
Gradually decrease use
Benzodiazepines for a hypnotic
Give oral preparations
Give 30 minutes before bedtime and ensure 8 hours of sleep
No alcohol or other depressants
Benzodiazepines
-Contraindications
- Pregnancy (Category X)
- Schedule IV controlled substance
- Glaucoma
- Children younger than 18 years
-Precautions
- Renal or hepatic impairment
-Suicidal ideation
-Alcohol dependence
- neuromuscular disorders
, -Chronic respiratory disorders
-sleep apnea
Non- Benzodiazepines
Help with short term treatment of insomnia
Enhance inhibitory effects of GABA
-Prototype drug
-Zolpidem (Ambien)
- Other Drugs
- Zaleplon (Saonata)
- Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Side/Adverse
-Daytime drowsiness, headache, anxiety, dizziness, diplopia, confusion in older adults
- Amnesia
- ambulating
- eating
- driving
Administration
-Oral form for immediate or extended release
- oral spray allows direct absorption through nasal mucosa
- administer just before bedtime; ensure 8 hours available to sleep
Administer on an empty stomach for full effect
Contraindications
Schedule IV controlled substance
Children younger than 18
Suicidal ideation
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