Exam (elaborations)
AC-PNP Exam Review Questions and answers | Latest 2024/25 RATED A+
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AC-PNP Exam Review Questions and answers | Latest 2024/25 RATED A+
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AC-PNP Exam Review Questions andanswers | Latest 2024/25 RATED A+
List drug options that will cover a pseudomonas - Ceftazidime, cefipime,
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Pipercillin/ticarcillin, Meropenem, imipenem,aztreonam, Flouroquinolones,
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Aminoglycosides
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Describe the differences in CSF findings between bacterial, viral, & herpes meningitis -
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Bacterial- Decreased glucose and highly Increased WBC, Lactate, protein: Diff- PMN
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Viral- Glucose normal and lactate normal or decreased, protein and WBC mildly increased.
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DIff PMN first than monos
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Herpes- Glucose normal, protein and WBC increased, Diff PMN than monos, RBC >1000
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in absence of traumatic tap.
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List signs & symptoms of malaria - Fever, CNS dysfunction, anemia, hemoglobinuria,
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sweats, chills, HA, pulmonary edema, N&V, coagulopathy, myalgia, shock, fatigue, renal
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failure, hepatosplenomegaly, metabolic acidosis, tachypnea, hypoglycemia
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3rd generation cephalosporins cover which organisms? - Gram Positive, HENPEK,
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Serratia, Ceftazidime also covers pseudomonas
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Review the signs & symptoms, course, and treatment for the 2 organisms causing toxic
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shock. Which is worse? - Early symptoms = pain is the most common initial symptom,
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fever/hypothermia, confusion, soft tissue infection, positive blood culture (60%), or rash
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S. pyogenes causes hypotension- 2 of the following: renal dysfunction, coagulopathy,
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ARDS, tissue necrosis, erythematous rash, skin desquamation 10-14 days after onset,
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high mortality, Tx with supportive care, clindamycin and debridement;
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S. aureus- fever, hypotention and rash -involvement of 3 or more organ systems, Absence
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of rocky mountain spotted fever, leptospirosis, measles, mono, or syphilis. High morbidity.
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Treat with supportive care, nafcillin, (vancomycin for MRSA) and debridement
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State one major pediatric theorist for each of the following: Psychosocial, cognitive and
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moral development - Psychosocial: Erickson
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Cognitive: Piaget ii
Moral: Kohlberg ii
ii At what age should children first be able to combine words? - 18 months
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Erikson's stage of Industry vs. inferiortiy coincides with which Piaget stage? - Concrete
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Operations
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What are the adverse effects of ginkgo biloba? - Bleeding events r/t inhibition of platelet
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activating factor, subdural hematoma, cerebral hemorrhage, hyphema and post-op
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, bleeding complications, increased CBF may result in increased ICP, may potentiate
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anticoagulation
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What is St. John's Wort used for and what are the adverse effects? - Used for mild
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depresssion, Generally well tolerated, Headache, GI disturbances, Phytophotoxic
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dermatitis, Reduces plasma levels of protease inhibitors
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Name two classes of medication that can be used as adjuvants to treat pain -
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Antidepressants or anticonvulsants
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Name the 5 cranial nerves important to eating - V Trigeminal SM, VII facial SM, IX
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Glossopharyngeal SM, X Vagus M, XII Hypoglossal M
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Describe Epidural Hemmorhages? - Epidural, between inner table of skull and dura
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mater, lenticular shape, do not cross hemispheres, often follow middle meningeal artery
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tear, period of lucency followed by decreased LOA, emergent surgical evacuation if
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symptomatic
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Describe Subdural Hemmorhages? - Subdural, between dura mater and arachnoid, may
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be associated with a skull fracture, often bilateral and will cross hemispheres, symptoms
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may be acute or insidious ICP- surgical evacuation if symptomatic
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Describe subarchnoid hemmorhage? - Subarachnoid, between arachnoid and pia mater,
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severe headache and neck pain, surgical evacuation if symptomatic
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"Name and describe the type of migraine typical to adolescence? - Common migraine
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without aura, throbbing or pounding headache that is usually unilateral, may have nausea
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and vomiting, often relieved by sleep
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Summarize signs and symptoms of depression? - Usually coherent and clear thinking,
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history of deterioration of scoial/school activities, weight gain/loss, lethargic/apatheticvs
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anxious with angry outbursts, sleep disturbances, may have suicidal ideation
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Describe pertussis... course, diagnosis and treatment? - Course, catarrhal phase,
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paroxysmal phase, convelescent phase. May have co-findings of pneumonia, otits,
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seizures or encephalitis
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Diagnosis- Lymphocytosis, Bordetella pertussis, a coccobacillus. ii ii ii ii ii
Treatment erythromycin ii
Review the signs, symptoms , and etiology of Guillain-Barre vs. Botulism - Guillain-Barre'
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-- May follow non specific viral infection or commonly, Campylobacter, Landry's
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ascending. Paralysis. CSF in notable for few white cells and high protein. Botulism-
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Clostridium botulinum -A gram positive Anaerobe. Rapid descending . Paralysis. CSF is
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normal. Avoid antibiotics
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ii "-
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, What is transient tachypnea of the newborn? - Usually follows uneventful deliveries . May
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be related to slower absorption of fetal lung fluid resulting. Decreased pulmonary
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compliance and increased dead space. Usually resolves in approximately 3 days without
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therapy.
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Review the criteria for ARDS - Acute onset of symptoms following, precipitating infection
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of insult, frontal chest xray biliateral infiltrates. No clinical evidence of LA HTN, PsO2 to
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Fio2 ratio </= 200
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What are the radiologic findings for asthma? - Asthma, flattened diaphragm, narrow
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cardiac silhouette, hyperinflation, narrow cardiac silhouette, peribronchial thickening,
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subsegmental atelectasis
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Describe methods to treat hyperkalemia - Push K into cells- Albuterol, Insulin/glucose,
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Sodium bicarbonate - Remove K- Kayexalate, dialysis; Stabilize cardiac cell membrane-
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Ca chloride
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What is the equation to calculate creatinine clearance in children? - K x ht (cm)/serum
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creatnine - K equals Preemie 0.33, Term 0.45, 2-21yrs female, 0.55 2-21 yrs male .70
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Review the diagnostic criteria, treatment, and followup for urinary tract infection in young
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children - Diagnostic Criteria- Unexplained fever( 2mos- 2yrs), + nitrite test, +
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leukoesterase test, 5 WBC's, Colony coutn > 100,000, Culture of 2 or less organisms;
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Oral treatment and followup- Amoxicillin, TMP/SMX, Cephalosporin-Treat for 7-14 days
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US and VCUG to follow
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Describe the signs and symptoms, lab findings, and treatment for nephrotic syndrome -
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Signs and symptoms- edema, especially periorbital, HTN, Anorexia, abd. Pain and or abd
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distension; Lab findings- Albumin < 2.5, Heavy proteinuria, Cholesterol> 250, hematuria;
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Treatment-Steroids- Diuretics- Sodium/fluid restriction, albumin
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What are some of the clinical findings with systemic lupus erythematosus? - 4 or more of
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the following are diagnostic, Malar rash of the face, discoir rash, photosensitivity, oral
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ulcers usually painless, arthritis in 2 or more joints, pericarditits or effusion, kidney disease,
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hemolytic anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia, Antiphospholipid antibody, Anti-DNA
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antibody, false positive for syphillis, Antinuclear antibody
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ii "-
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State the onset, peak, and duration of the following insulins: Humalog, regular, NPH,
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Glargine - Humalog onset 0.25/hr, peak .5-1.5hr, duration 3-5 hr Regular onset .5-1hr,
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peak 1-5 hr, duration 3-10hrs
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NPH onset 1-4hr, peak 4-14hr, duration 10-24hr
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Glargine, (Lantus) onset 1-2 hrs, peak 2-20hr, duration 20-24hr ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
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