Psych 115 Sleep Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
PSYC 115
Institution
PSYC 115
What is the SWS activity in the generated by? The basal forebrain
Neurons in basal forebrain become active at onset of sleep and release what? GABA receptors are also stimulated by what? GABA, which suppresses activity in nearby tuberomammillary nucleus. General anesthetics
What is the reticular ...
Psych 115 Sleep Review Questions and
Correct Answers
What is the SWS activity in the generated by? ✅The basal forebrain
Neurons in basal forebrain become active at onset of sleep and release what?
GABA receptors are also stimulated by what? ✅GABA, which suppresses activity in
nearby tuberomammillary nucleus.
General anesthetics
What is the reticular formation's part in sleep? What happens when electrically
stimulated and what happens when lesion? ✅It activates the cortex and electrical
stimulation of this area will wake animals up, while lesions produce persistent sleep.
What is the role of pons in sleep? ✅Responsible for REM sleep by inhibiting
motoneurons, disabling the motor system during REM sleep
What is hypothalamus' role in sleep? ✅A region in it uses HYPOCRETIN as a
neurotransmitter and sends axons to the other 3 sleep centers and seems to coordinate
them, enforcing patterns of sleep; loss of hypocretin can lead to disorganized sleep (like
REM-like muscle atonia while awake)
What are circadian rhythms?
What are ultradian rhythms?
What are infradian rhythms? ✅Circadian rhythms = rhythm of about 24 hours
Ultradian rhythms = bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release repeat more than
once a day
Infradian rhythms = such as body weight and reproductive cycles repeat less than once
a day
Circadian rhythms are generated by external or internal clock? ✅Internal (free-running)
What is a phase shift?
What is entrainment?
What is a zeitgeber? ✅Phase shift = shift in activity in response to synchronizing
stimulus such as food
Entrainment = process of shifting the rhythm
Zeitgeber = "time giver," the cue an animal uses to synchronize with the environment
Where is the biological clock located? ✅Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is
located above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus
, What happens when there is lesion in SCN?
When isolated neurons? ✅Circadian rhythms are disrupted.
They can maintain electrical activity synchronized to the previous light cycle.
How did transplant studies prove that the endogenous period is generated in the SCN?
✅Hamsters with SCN lesions received SCN tissue transplant from hamsters with very
short period; circadian rhythms were restored but matched the shorter period of the
donor.
What proteins are made in the SCN?
How often are they made?
What is the role of Per and Cry proteins in sleep cycle? ✅Clock and Cycle.
Only after the first set decays, which is approx. every 24 hours.
Inhibiting clock/cycle production, slowing transcription of Per and Cry proteins, and
when they break down, cycle begins again.
How does the molecular clock in mice and flies operate? ✅There are two proteins,
Clock and Cycle, that bind together to form a dimer.
What happens when the Clock/Cycle dimer binds to DNA? This enhances the
transcription of the genes for Per and Cry.
Per and Cry BIND together as a complex that INHIBITS the activity of the Clock/Cycle
dimer, SLOWING transcription of the per and cry genes, and thus SLWOING
PRODUCTION of the Per and Cry proteins. Those proteins eventually break down,
releasing Clock/Cycle from inhibition and allowing the cycle to start over again. The
rates of gene transcription, protein complex formation, and protein degradation result in
a cycle that takes about 24 hours to complete.
Retinal ganglion cells detect light with melanopsin, and their axons in the
retinohypothalamic tract RELEASE GLUTAMATE onto neurons in the SCN. The
glutamate stimulation causes increased transcription of the per gene, synchronizing the
molecular clock to the day-and-night cycle.
Mice with double mutation of Clock gene show what symptoms? ✅Arrhythmicity in
constant light conditions, but normal when access to light-dark cycle
Is sleep synchronized to external events?
In the absence of cues, what is the free-running period of of humans? ✅Yes, like light
and dark.
25 hours, but varies with age.
What is EEG?
What is EOG?
What is EMG? ✅Records electrical activity in the brain
Records eye movements
Records muscle activity
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