monosaccharides - ✔️✔️sugars - may have 3-8 carbons; 6 and 5 C most common
disaccharide - ✔️✔️two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond ex. lactose
Raffinose - ✔️✔️indigestible oligosaccharide made of 3 monosaccharides (galactose-
glucose-fructose) - beans, cabbage, whole grains - when eaten galactose can't be
broken down in the gut, leading to gas production
polysaccharides - ✔️✔️the most abundant polymers, life's saving account of carbon;
made of more than ten monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds
glycosidic linkage - ✔️✔️A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a
dehydration reaction - alpha vs. beta
starch - ✔️✔️the major food storage polysaccharide of plants (alpha 1-4 link); major
product of green plant photosynthesis - stored in plastid
amylase - ✔️✔️enzyme that breaks down starch
agriculture - ✔️✔️the search for stable supplies of starch and other biochemicals
celiac disease - ✔️✔️an inherited condition that prevents the small intestine from
absorbing nutrients, causing malnutrition
potato - ✔️✔️the underground starchy stem (tuber)
glycogen - ✔️✔️main glucose storage in animals; alpha 1-4 and 1-6 linkages
cellulose - ✔️✔️the most abundance biopolymer produced on the planet each year; beta
1-4 linkages
pectin - ✔️✔️polymers containing galacturonic acid - may bind to calcium to form gels -
attracted to positively charged things
chitin - ✔️✔️polymer of an amino sugar; forms the shells of arthropods and makes up the
bulk of mushrooms; beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
2
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