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BIOD 171 Microbiology Module 1 – 6 Study Guide Questions and Answers (100% Correct)
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BIOD 171 Microbiology Module 1 – 6 Study Guide Questions and Answers (100% Correct)
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©PREP4EXAMS@2024 [REAL-EXAM-DUMPS] Monday, July 29, 2024 12:15 PMBIOD 171 Microbiology Module 1 – 6 Study Guide
Questions and Answers (100% Correct)
Microbiology - ✔️✔️The study of microbes and their biological processes at the micro
(microscopic) level.
Microbes - ✔️✔️1. A general term that includes microorganisms and viruses; an organism
or virus too small to be seen without a microscope
2. Beneficial when aiding in food digestion to protecting us when we are exposed to
potentially harmful foreign invaders to helping crops grow
3. Detrimental when harmful strains of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses kill millions
of people each year and sicken even more
Microorganisms - ✔️✔️1. Usually consist of a single cell
2. Examples: bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, and algae
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic - ✔️✔️1. The most common distinction between living
organisms
2. Prokaryotic cells (before kernel) lack a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells (true kernel)
have a defined nuclear region
3. Difference: size, complexity, unicellular or multicellular, abundance, examples,
nucleus & DNA, and membrane-bound organelles
4. Similarity: macromolecules, plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and
ribosomes
3 classifications of life - ✔️✔️1. Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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2. The first two categories are prokaryotic microorganisms that are different in cellular
composition
Bacteria (Prokaryotes) - ✔️✔️1. Morphologies: coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod),
vibrio (curved rod), or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
2. Cellular organization: isolated (individual) cells, in chains, or in clusters
3. Examples: Streptococcus (round chains); E. coli (rod); Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a
unicellular bacterium)
Archaea (Prokaryotes) - ✔️✔️1. Also referred to as extremophiles
2. Survive in extremely harsh environmental conditions, such as high salt levels, acid
conditions, high temperatures, and oxygen-poor conditions
Eukarya - ✔️✔️Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista
Animalia - ✔️✔️1. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms includes animals and humans
2. Heterotrophic and the general characteristic of motility
Heterotrophic - ✔️✔️Incapable of producing one's own energy, must absorb (consume)
nutrients from the environment
Plantae - ✔️✔️1. Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose
2. Obtain most energy from sunlight via photosynthesis - autotrophic
Photosynthesis - ✔️✔️A process that converts light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy
(sugars) within the organism and fuels its activities.
The process of capturing sunlight and converting it into the usable energy sources ATP
and NADPH.
Fungi - ✔️✔️1. Either multicellular or unicellular microorganisms
2. Heterotrophic and the presence of chitin (a derivative of glucose) in cell walls
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3. Examples of multicellular fungi are molds and mushrooms; the most common
unicellular fungus is yeast
Protista - ✔️✔️1. Unicellular microorganisms
2. May form as colonies (seemingly multicellular but do not form tissue layers and thus
retain the unicellular classification)
3. Examples: amoeba (motility); algae (plant-like characteristics); mold (fungi-like
properties).
Viruses - ✔️✔️1. Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
2. Not considered living and do not replicate on their own (only within a host)
3. Contain a capsid, a membrane-like structure that contains genetic material, similar to
the nucleus
Cell membrane/plasma membrane/cytoplasmic membrane - ✔️✔️1. A semi-permeable
barrier surrounding the cytoplasmic space of a cell acts as a barrier to the outside
environment while also retaining and preventing the intra (within) cellular components
from being lost to the surrounding environment
2. A bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids that contain a polar
hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail
region
3. A relatively high degree of fluidity dependent on the types of lipids, the temperature,
and additional molecules (proteins)
4. Sterol lipids (such as cholesterol), which play a major role in eukaryotic membrane
composition
Cell walls/outer membrane - ✔️✔️1. Found in bacteria, plants, fungi, and algae and help
to form the shape of the cell, providing support, structure, and protection
2. Peptidoglycan for bacterial wall: a peptide-polysaccharide matrix; vary in thickness to
protect the cell from potentially damaging environmental stresses
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3. Surface-layer proteins (S-layer) for archaea cell: physical and chemical protective
barrier to the harsh surrounding environments
4. Cellulose and chitin for fungi
5. Mannoproteins (highly glycosylated polypeptides called mannan and mannose) and
chitin for yeasts
6. Silica (main component in glass) for Diatoms (algae) : very rigid
7. Some eukaryotic cell walls may contain polysaccharides, like cellulose and pectin
Cell envelope - ✔️✔️The combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane (cell
wall)
Cytoplasm - ✔️✔️1. Constitutes the open volume within a cell;
2. Comprised mostly of water containing dissolved substances important to the
functioning of the cell.
Organelles - ✔️✔️Membrane-enclosed structures within the cytoplasm that perform
specific functions.
Nucleus - ✔️✔️1. A porous double lipid bilayer that contains the genomic content of the
cell (DNA)
2. The command center of the cell
3. The defining organelle of all eukaryotic cells
Nucleolus - ✔️✔️Within the nucleus, the site of ribosome synthesis
Ribosomes - ✔️✔️1. Responsible for protein synthesis.
2. Located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum in eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔️✔️1. A series of membrane-enclosed sacs and
interconnected tubes (lumen)
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