Neuroanatomy structure of the nervous system
Neurochemistry focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the nervous system
Neuroendocrinology interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Neuropathology nervous system disorders
Neuropharmacology efects of drugs...
PSYCH 115 Exam 1 Questions and
Complete Solutions
Neuroanatomy ✅structure of the nervous system
Neurochemistry ✅focuses on the basic chemical composition and processes of the
nervous system
Neuroendocrinology ✅interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine
system
Neuropathology ✅nervous system disorders
Neuropharmacology ✅efects of drugs on neural activity / the study of compounds that
selectively affect the nervous system
Neurophysiology ✅study of the processes within neurons that use electrical and
chemical signals
Integrative Approach ✅explore the relationship between the physical matter of your
body (your nervous system and its signals) and how you think, act, and behave
Brain ✅- 3 pounds, composed of
- 78% water
- 10% fats
- 8% protein
Neurons ✅- specialized cells that are capable of sending and receiving chemical
signals
- ~80 billion in the human brain
- only 20% of brain cells
Nucleus ✅contains DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum ✅folded membranes that are important for the synthesis of
fats and proteins
Ribosomes ✅found on the endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in synthesizing
proteins
Golgi Complex ✅packages proteins into vesicles for transport
,Microtubules ✅transport packaged proteins to other parts of the cell
Elegans (roundworm) ✅- 302 neurons
- sensory neurons (receive input) and motor neurons (move body)
- Neurons organized into nerve net
- no cental processing area or respiratory or circulatory system
Aplysia Californica (sea slug) ✅- 18000 neurons
- Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and also interneurons (modulate activity)
- Neurons organized into circuits with specific functions
Rattus Norvegicus (rat) ✅- 50 million neurons
- Nervous system has clear diversions, CNS and PNS
- Distinct central processing area (brain)
- Neurons organized into complex and distributed circuits
Brain Size ✅- less about the size and more about proportions
- Humans have disproportionately large cerebral cortex for language and reasoning
How many cells make up the nervous system? ✅- 100's of billions of cells
- make trillions of connections
Action Potential ✅a rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron
- increases in frequency with an increase in strength
- All or none
- Does not degrade along the axon (because of Sodium channels covering the axon)
Neurotransmitter ✅chemical messenger between neurons
What forms does a signal go through when traveling through neurons? ✅chemical to
electrical to chemical
Resting membrane potential ✅- electrical-potential difference across the cell
membrane
- rest = uneven distribution of + & - ions
- Na+ & Cl- are more outside; K+ & large -charged proteins are more inside
- -70mV membrane potential
-inside is more negative than outside
Membrane Potential ✅- difference in electrical charge between inside and outside the
cell membrane
- measured with electrodes
Post-synaptic potential ✅Electrical nature of input to dendrites
, Lipid Bilayer ✅- 2 layers of fat molecules
- serves as cell membrane for neurons
- proteins sit on the bilayer and communicate for the cell
Ion Channels ✅- pores that enable ions to pass across the membrane
- opening and closing is a passive process (does not require energy)
Ions ✅- small electrically charged molecules
- anions (-) & cations (+)
- dissolved in intracellular fluid
- separated by cell membrane from extracellular fluid
What maintains the Resting Membrane Potential? ✅1. Concentration Gradients
2. Electrostatic Pressure
3. Membrane Permeability
4. Active Ion Transport
1. Concentration Gradients ✅- a chemical driving force
- Diffusion (high to low)
- K+ leaves, Cl- & Na+ enter
2. Electrostatic Pressure ✅- an electrical driving force
- opposites attract (+ & -)
- like repel (+ & +, - & -)
3. Membrane Permeability ✅- voltage-gated ion channels
- rest: K+ open (-90mV), Cl- open (-70mV), Na+ mostly closed (-50mV)
4. Active Ion Transport ✅- Na+/K+ Pump
- uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions out & 2 K+ ions in
- ATP from mitochondria
What is really happening at rest ✅K+ wants to leave (leaky)
Cl- is in equilibrium (open)
Na+ wants to enter (mostly closed)
Synapse ✅the point of communication between two neurons
Synaptic Cleft ✅little space seperating the neurons
Hyperpolarization ✅- increase in membrane potential
- inside more negative than outside
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